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The Mediverse 2.2 > Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

A collection of nerve fibres with the same origin, course and termination are called?

A

Tracts

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2
Q

There are 2 tracts in the spinal cord;

A

Ascending tracts
Descending tracts

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3
Q

Nerve fibres, Neuroglia, and blood vessels are all constituents of?

A

White matter

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4
Q

White matter is white due to presence of?

A

Myelinated nerve fibres

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5
Q

The dorsal column and ventral column are composed of what matter?

A

White matter

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6
Q

The dorsal and ventral horn are composed of what matter?

A

Grey matter

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7
Q

Types of nerve fibres include;

A
  1. Sensory fibres
  2. Motor fibres
  3. Association fibres
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8
Q

The divisions in white matter include?

A
  1. Anterior white column
  2. Lateral white column
  3. Posterior white column
  4. Anterior white commisure
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9
Q

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus make up what part of the ascending tract?

A

The dorsal white column

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10
Q

The dorsal white column, posterior spinocerebellar tract, anterior spinocerebellar tract, lateral spinothalamic tract, anterior spinothalamic tract all make up what tract

A

The ascending tract

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11
Q

In the CNS, nerve fibres are called?

A

Tracts

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12
Q

In the PNS, nerve fibres are called?

A

Peripheral nerves

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13
Q

Nerve fibres comprise 2 neurite processes known as?

A
  1. Axon
  2. Dendrites
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14
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

They are bundles of neurite processes that supply body parts except the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Nerve that transmit impulses to the sensory organs from the CNS are called?

A

Afferent or motor neurones

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16
Q

Nerve fibres that return impulse from the sensory organs to the CNS are called

A

Efferent or sensory neurones

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17
Q

Unmyelinated axons are covered by ?

A

Schwann cell

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18
Q

A myelinated axon has?

A

Multiple myelin sheaths

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19
Q

The spaces between any 2 myelin sheaths are called?

A

Nodes of ranvier

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20
Q

Transmission of impulse is faster in myelinated neurones because of?

A

The presence of nodes of ranvier

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21
Q

A collection of nerve fibres in bundles are called?

A

Fascicles

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22
Q

The 3 layers of covering for the fascicles are?

A
  1. Endoneureum
  2. Perineurum
  3. Epineureum
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23
Q

The membrane of axon is called?

A

Axolemma

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24
Q

The membrane of a myelin sheath is called?

A

Neurilemma

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25
Q

Classification of nerves is by?

A
  1. By function
  2. By part innervated
  3. By velocity & Diameter of conduction
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26
Q

The destructive changes that take place when a nerve is cut is called?

A

Nerve degeneration

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27
Q

The proliferative changes that take place after an injury for recovery is termed?

A

Regeneration

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28
Q

Nerve degeneration begins?

A

Hours after injury

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29
Q

Nerve Regeneration begins when?

A

2 weeks after injury

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30
Q

Retrograde degeneration is degeneration in the?

A
  1. Proximal axon
  2. Soma
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31
Q

Anterograde degeneration takes place in?

A

The distal axon

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32
Q

When degeneration in one neuron transfers to another neuron, it is termed?

A

Transneuronal degeneration

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33
Q

Nissl bodies are composed of?

A

A collection of ribosomes

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34
Q

The disappearance of nissl substance is called?

A

Chromatolysis

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35
Q

The Population of myelinated axons in one part of the CNS, gives that part what colour

A

White

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36
Q

The population of nissl bodies(soma) in one part of the CNS, gives that part what colouration

A

Grey colour

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37
Q

Factors necessary for regeneration?

A
  1. Absence if infection
  2. Separation/cut must be minimal and not total separation
38
Q

Clinical implications of regeneration and myelin sheaths are?

A
  1. Frey’s syndrome
  2. Neuroma
  3. Painful neurites
  4. Multiple sclerosis
39
Q

A junction between 2 neurones is called?

A

A Synapse

40
Q

The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called?

A

Neuromuscular junction

41
Q

The terminal end of an axon is called?

A

Bouton or synaptic bag

42
Q

The area of dense cytoplasm on either sides of the synapse is known as?

A

Active zones

43
Q

The space around the synaptic junction is known as?

A

Synaptic cleft

44
Q

When an axon synapses with another axon, it is called?

A

Serial synapse

45
Q

When several neurones form complex synapses, encapsulated by neuroglial cells.. it forms a?

A

Synaptic glomeruli

46
Q

Neurotransmission takes place through?

A

The active zones

47
Q

The contents of a Synaptic Bouton are?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Lysosome
  3. Synaptic vesicles
48
Q

The contents of the postsynaptic Bouton

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Filaments
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
49
Q

The classifications of synapse include?

A
  1. Morphological or anatomical synapse
  2. Ultrastructural synapse
  3. Physiological synapse
50
Q

Ultrastructural synapse class are divided in two groups

A
  1. Assymetrical (type 1)
  2. Symmetrical (type 2)
51
Q

Describe a symmetrical synapse?

A

The zones of dense cytoplasm is equal on both presynaptic and postsynaptic

52
Q

Symmetrical synapse have what function?

A

They are inhibitory

53
Q

Asymmetrical synapse have what function?

A

They are excitatory

54
Q

The dorsal white column transmits what type of sensation ?

A
  1. Fine touch
  2. Two point discrimination
  3. Vibration
  4. Conscious proprioception
55
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract transmits what sensations?

A
  1. Unconscious proprioception
  2. Gross movement
56
Q

The sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighbouring parts of the body. Is a concept known as

A

Proprioception

57
Q

The anterior spinocerebellar tract transmits what sensations?

A
  1. Unconscious proprioception
  2. Fine movements
58
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tracts transmit what sensations?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Thermal sensation
59
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract transmits what sensations?

A
  1. Crude (Light or non-discriminative) touch.
  2. Tickle
  3. Itch
60
Q

What is discriminative touch?

A

It is a touch whose perception has fine details and can be accurately distinguished

61
Q

A touch lacking fine details, like When you are touched in the dark is called?

A

Non discriminative touch

62
Q

A coordinated movement involving multiple muscles, joints and body parts to cause action is called?

A

Gross movement

63
Q

Running, dancing, swinging a bat, jumping, are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Gross movements

64
Q

Coordinated series of small precise movements that involve intricate control of specific muscle groups are called?

A

Fine movements

65
Q

Fine movements involve smaller muscle groups and require high level hand-eye coordination.
True or false

A

True

66
Q

Examples of fine movements include?

A
  1. Writing
  2. Buttoning a shirt
  3. Using chop sticks
  4. Drawing
  5. Playing musical instruments
  6. Sewing
67
Q

Tracts such as; Spinotectal, spinoreticular, spino-olivary, spino-cervicothalamic. Also belong to what tract group?

A

Ascending tracts

68
Q

The Spinotectal tract is responsible for?

A
  1. Spinovisual reflex
  2. Movement of eyes and head in response to stimuli
69
Q

The Spino-reticular tract is responsible for?

A
  1. Pain perception
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Level of consciousness
70
Q

The Spino-olivary tract is responsible for?

A

Transmission of Cutaneous and proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

71
Q

The Spino-cervicothalamic tract is responsible for?

A
  1. Hair movement
  2. Pinch
  3. Thermal stimuli
  4. Noxious stimuli
72
Q

The are 2 major descending tracts, name them?

A
  1. Corticospinal tracts
  2. Rubrospinal tracts
73
Q

Corticospinal tracts are also known as?

A

Pyramidal tracts

74
Q

Corticospinal tracts control?

A

Skilled, rapid, non-postural, voluntary movements

75
Q

The group of descending tracts that originate from the red nucleus of midbrain are known as?

A

Rubrospinal tracts

76
Q

What are the functions of Rubrospinal tracts in the upper limb?

A
  1. They facilitate activity of flexor muscles
  2. They inhibit activities of extensor muscles
77
Q

Rubrospinal tracts receive afferent impulses through connections with ?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Globus palidus
78
Q

Other descending tracts include?

A
  1. Reticulospinal tract
  2. Tectospinal tract
  3. Vestibulospinal tract
  4. Descending autonomic fibres
79
Q

What are the functions of reticulospinal tract?

A
  1. Assist hypothalamus in control of sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows
  2. Facilitate or inhibit voluntary movements
80
Q

Tectospinal tracts control?

A
  1. Reflex postural movements of head in response to visual stimuli
81
Q

The vestibulospinal tracts control?

A
  1. Unconscious maintenance of posture and balance.
  2. Acts on extensors
82
Q

Descending autonomic fibres control?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

83
Q

What is a lesion?

A

It is an injury

84
Q

A lesion to the anterior spinothalamic causes?

A
  1. Contralateral loss of light touch sensations below the lesion.
  2. Contralateral loss of pressure sensation below the lesion
85
Q

A lesion to the fasciculus cuneatus causes?

A

Ipsilateral loss of light touch, vibration and positional sense in the right arm and upper trunk

86
Q

The selective Degeneration of sensory neurones of the spinal cord is called?

A

Tabes dorsalis

87
Q

Tabes dorsalis is caused by?

A

Syphilis

88
Q

Tabes dorsalis can result in loss of some sensation and hypersensitivity of others.
True or False

A

True

89
Q

Lesion to the lower motor neurone can result in?

A
  1. Muscular atrophy
  2. Flaccid paralysis
  3. Loss of muscular reflexes
  4. Muscular fasciculation
90
Q

Mention other types of lesion to the spinal cord.

A
  1. Anterior cord syndrome
  2. Central cord syndrome

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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