Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
A collection of nerve fibres with the same origin, course and termination are called?
A
Tracts
2
Q
There are 2 tracts in the spinal cord;
A
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
3
Q
Nerve fibres, Neuroglia, and blood vessels are all constituents of?
A
White matter
4
Q
White matter is white due to presence of?
A
Myelinated nerve fibres
5
Q
The dorsal column and ventral column are composed of what matter?
A
White matter
6
Q
The dorsal and ventral horn are composed of what matter?
A
Grey matter
7
Q
Types of nerve fibres include;
A
- Sensory fibres
- Motor fibres
- Association fibres
8
Q
The divisions in white matter include?
A
- Anterior white column
- Lateral white column
- Posterior white column
- Anterior white commisure
9
Q
The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus make up what part of the ascending tract?
A
The dorsal white column
10
Q
The dorsal white column, posterior spinocerebellar tract, anterior spinocerebellar tract, lateral spinothalamic tract, anterior spinothalamic tract all make up what tract
A
The ascending tract
11
Q
In the CNS, nerve fibres are called?
A
Tracts
12
Q
In the PNS, nerve fibres are called?
A
Peripheral nerves
13
Q
Nerve fibres comprise 2 neurite processes known as?
A
- Axon
- Dendrites
14
Q
What are peripheral nerves?
A
They are bundles of neurite processes that supply body parts except the brain and spinal cord
15
Q
Nerve that transmit impulses to the sensory organs from the CNS are called?
A
Afferent or motor neurones
16
Q
Nerve fibres that return impulse from the sensory organs to the CNS are called
A
Efferent or sensory neurones
17
Q
Unmyelinated axons are covered by ?
A
Schwann cell
18
Q
A myelinated axon has?
A
Multiple myelin sheaths
19
Q
The spaces between any 2 myelin sheaths are called?
A
Nodes of ranvier
20
Q
Transmission of impulse is faster in myelinated neurones because of?
A
The presence of nodes of ranvier
21
Q
A collection of nerve fibres in bundles are called?
A
Fascicles
22
Q
The 3 layers of covering for the fascicles are?
A
- Endoneureum
- Perineurum
- Epineureum
23
Q
The membrane of axon is called?
A
Axolemma
24
Q
The membrane of a myelin sheath is called?
A
Neurilemma
25
Classification of nerves is by?
1. By function
2. By part innervated
3. By velocity & Diameter of conduction
26
The destructive changes that take place when a nerve is cut is called?
Nerve degeneration
27
The proliferative changes that take place after an injury for recovery is termed?
Regeneration
28
Nerve degeneration begins?
Hours after injury
29
Nerve Regeneration begins when?
2 weeks after injury
30
Retrograde degeneration is degeneration in the?
1. Proximal axon
2. Soma
31
Anterograde degeneration takes place in?
The distal axon
32
When degeneration in one neuron transfers to another neuron, it is termed?
Transneuronal degeneration
33
Nissl bodies are composed of?
A collection of ribosomes
34
The disappearance of nissl substance is called?
Chromatolysis
35
The Population of myelinated axons in one part of the CNS, gives that part what colour
White
36
The population of nissl bodies(soma) in one part of the CNS, gives that part what colouration
Grey colour
37
Factors necessary for regeneration?
1. Absence if infection
2. Separation/cut must be minimal and not total separation
38
Clinical implications of regeneration and myelin sheaths are?
1. Frey's syndrome
2. Neuroma
3. Painful neurites
4. Multiple sclerosis
39
A junction between 2 neurones is called?
A Synapse
40
The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called?
Neuromuscular junction
41
The terminal end of an axon is called?
Bouton or synaptic bag
42
The area of dense cytoplasm on either sides of the synapse is known as?
Active zones
43
The space around the synaptic junction is known as?
Synaptic cleft
44
When an axon synapses with another axon, it is called?
Serial synapse
45
When several neurones form complex synapses, encapsulated by neuroglial cells.. it forms a?
Synaptic glomeruli
46
Neurotransmission takes place through?
The active zones
47
The contents of a Synaptic Bouton are?
1. Mitochondria
2. Lysosome
3. Synaptic vesicles
48
The contents of the postsynaptic Bouton
1. Microtubules
2. Filaments
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
49
The classifications of synapse include?
1. Morphological or anatomical synapse
2. Ultrastructural synapse
3. Physiological synapse
50
Ultrastructural synapse class are divided in two groups
1. Assymetrical (type 1)
2. Symmetrical (type 2)
51
Describe a symmetrical synapse?
The zones of dense cytoplasm is equal on both presynaptic and postsynaptic
52
Symmetrical synapse have what function?
They are inhibitory
53
Asymmetrical synapse have what function?
They are excitatory
54
The dorsal white column transmits what type of sensation ?
1. Fine touch
2. Two point discrimination
3. Vibration
4. Conscious proprioception
55
The posterior spinocerebellar tract transmits what sensations?
1. Unconscious proprioception
2. Gross movement
56
The sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighbouring parts of the body. Is a concept known as
Proprioception
57
The anterior spinocerebellar tract transmits what sensations?
1. Unconscious proprioception
2. Fine movements
58
Lateral spinothalamic tracts transmit what sensations?
1. Pain
2. Thermal sensation
59
Anterior spinothalamic tract transmits what sensations?
1. Crude (Light or non-discriminative) touch.
2. Tickle
3. Itch
60
What is discriminative touch?
It is a touch whose perception has fine details and can be accurately distinguished
61
A touch lacking fine details, like When you are touched in the dark is called?
Non discriminative touch
62
A coordinated movement involving multiple muscles, joints and body parts to cause action is called?
Gross movement
63
Running, dancing, swinging a bat, jumping, are all examples of what type of movement?
Gross movements
64
Coordinated series of small precise movements that involve intricate control of specific muscle groups are called?
Fine movements
65
Fine movements involve smaller muscle groups and require high level hand-eye coordination.
True or false
True
66
Examples of fine movements include?
1. Writing
2. Buttoning a shirt
3. Using chop sticks
4. Drawing
5. Playing musical instruments
6. Sewing
67
Tracts such as; Spinotectal, spinoreticular, spino-olivary, spino-cervicothalamic. Also belong to what tract group?
Ascending tracts
68
The Spinotectal tract is responsible for?
1. Spinovisual reflex
2. Movement of eyes and head in response to stimuli
69
The Spino-reticular tract is responsible for?
1. Pain perception
2. Reticular formation
3. Level of consciousness
70
The Spino-olivary tract is responsible for?
Transmission of Cutaneous and proprioceptive information to the cerebellum
71
The Spino-cervicothalamic tract is responsible for?
1. Hair movement
2. Pinch
3. Thermal stimuli
4. Noxious stimuli
72
The are 2 major descending tracts, name them?
1. Corticospinal tracts
2. Rubrospinal tracts
73
Corticospinal tracts are also known as?
Pyramidal tracts
74
Corticospinal tracts control?
Skilled, rapid, non-postural, voluntary movements
75
The group of descending tracts that originate from the red nucleus of midbrain are known as?
Rubrospinal tracts
76
What are the functions of Rubrospinal tracts in the upper limb?
1. They facilitate activity of flexor muscles
2. They inhibit activities of extensor muscles
77
Rubrospinal tracts receive afferent impulses through connections with ?
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Cerebellum
3. Globus palidus
78
Other descending tracts include?
1. Reticulospinal tract
2. Tectospinal tract
3. Vestibulospinal tract
4. Descending autonomic fibres
79
What are the functions of reticulospinal tract?
1. Assist hypothalamus in control of sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows
2. Facilitate or inhibit voluntary movements
80
Tectospinal tracts control?
1. Reflex postural movements of head in response to visual stimuli
81
The vestibulospinal tracts control?
1. Unconscious maintenance of posture and balance.
2. Acts on extensors
82
Descending autonomic fibres control?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
83
What is a lesion?
It is an injury
84
A lesion to the anterior spinothalamic causes?
1. Contralateral loss of light touch sensations below the lesion.
2. Contralateral loss of pressure sensation below the lesion
85
A lesion to the fasciculus cuneatus causes?
Ipsilateral loss of light touch, vibration and positional sense in the right arm and upper trunk
86
The selective Degeneration of sensory neurones of the spinal cord is called?
Tabes dorsalis
87
Tabes dorsalis is caused by?
Syphilis
88
Tabes dorsalis can result in loss of some sensation and hypersensitivity of others.
True or False
True
89
Lesion to the lower motor neurone can result in?
1. Muscular atrophy
2. Flaccid paralysis
3. Loss of muscular reflexes
4. Muscular fasciculation
90
Mention other types of lesion to the spinal cord.
1. Anterior cord syndrome
2. Central cord syndrome
