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The Mediverse 2.2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal cleft, and pharyngeal membrane all make up the ?

A

Pharyngeal apparatus

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2
Q

The pharyngeal apparatus contributes to the formation of what and what regions of the body?

A

The Head and Neck regions

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3
Q

The development of the pharyngeal apparatus begins in what week of Intra-Uterine Development

A

4th week

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4
Q

The pharyngeal apparatus develops from the?

A

Primitive pharynx caudal

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5
Q

Folds/elevations on the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx caudal is called

A

The pharyngeal apparatus

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6
Q

The inner spaces between the pharyngeal arches are called?

A

Pharyngeal pouches

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7
Q

The grooves on the outer pharyngeal wall are called?

A

Pharyngeal cleft

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8
Q

The first artery of the pharyngeal arch becomes the?

A

Maxillary artery

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9
Q

The second artery of the pharyngeal arch becomes?

A

Hyoid and stapedial arteries

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10
Q

The third artery of the pharyngeal arch becomes?

A
  1. Common carotid artery
  2. Internal carotid artery
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11
Q

The fourth artery of the pharyngeal arch becomes?

A
  1. Aortic arch
  2. Subclavian artery
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12
Q

The sixth artery of the pharyngeal arch becomes?

A
  1. Ductus arteriosus
  2. Pulmonary artery
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13
Q

The first arch cartilage of the pharyngeal arch is called?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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14
Q

The second cartilage of the pharyngeal arch is called?

A

Richerts cartilages

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15
Q

The Merkel’s cartilage forms?

A

The malleus and incus of the middle ear

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16
Q

Reichert’s cartilage forms?

A

The stapes bone in middle ear, and body of hyoid bone

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17
Q

The 4th and 6th cartilages form ?

A

The thyroid, cuneiform, corniculate, arytenoid, and cricoid cartilages

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18
Q

The 1st Arch nerve is also called?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

What embryonic nerve supplies the taste fibres and the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

A

The chorda tympani

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20
Q

The 2nd arch nerve is also called

A

Facial nerve

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21
Q

The facial nerve supplies?

A

All muscles derived from the second arch

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22
Q

The 3rd arch nerve is also called?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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23
Q

The 4th arch nerve is also called?

A

The superior laryngeal nerve

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24
Q

The 6th arch nerve is also called?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

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25
Q

The 1st arch muscle forms the ?

A

Muscle of mastication

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26
Q

The 2nd arch muscle forms the?

A

Muscle of facial expression, and posterior belly of digastric

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27
Q

The only muscle derived from 3rd arch is the?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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28
Q

The cricothyroid, levator veli palati, constrictors of the pharynx are muscles derived from the?

A

4th arch cartilage

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29
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the larynx is derived from the?

A

Sixth arch

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30
Q

The distal part of the tubotympanic recess becomes ?

A

The middle ear cavity and mastoid Air cells

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31
Q

The first pharyngeal pouch elongates to form a diverticulum known as?

A

Tubotympanic recess

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32
Q

The proximal tubular part of the pharyngeal pouch forms the?

A

Eustachian / auditory tube connecting the nasopharynx and middle ear

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33
Q

The 2nd pharyngeal pouch form tiny solid buds that develop into?

A

palatine tonsils

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34
Q

The ventral tubular part forms ?

A

the thymus

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35
Q

The 4th pharyngeal pouch forms?

A

Parathyroid gland

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36
Q

The external auditory meatus(ear canal) is formed from

A

The 1st pharyngeal cleft

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37
Q

Clinical correlations of the pharyngeal cleft

A
  1. Brachial cyst & Fistula
  2. First arch syndromes
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38
Q

Examples of the defects to the 1st arch include;

A

Trecher Collins syndrome
Pierre-robin syndrome
Digeorge

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39
Q

______ is unique to each person, and is the basis for identity?

A

Face

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40
Q

Abnormalities to congenital development are caused by

A

Teratogen

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41
Q

The face forms from?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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42
Q

The face developed from what embryonic tissues?

A

All 3 embryonic tissues (Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

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43
Q

The fronto-nasal process rises from?

A

Neural crest

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44
Q

A plate-like thickening of the epithelial layer of an embryo which develops into a sense organ is called

A

A placode

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45
Q

At week 10, inter-maxillary process forms?

A

The nasal bridge and the philtrum of upper lip

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46
Q

The tissues of the 1st pharyngeal arch originates from?

A

Mesoderm and neural crest

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47
Q

Nasal placodes appear at week 4 and are the precursor to the olfactory epithelium.
True or False

A

True

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48
Q

The fusion of _____ and _____ results in formation of philtrum of upper lip?

A
  1. Maxillary processes
  2. Medial nasal process
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49
Q

Mention 2 events that take place in week 5 of facial development

A
  1. The oropharyngeal membrane disintegrates leaving behind a communication between the digestive tract and external environments
  2. The eyes which are initially located at the side of the head, face forward as the head grows
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50
Q

At what week will the embryo have human appearance?

A

7th week

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51
Q

The upper part of the mouth that separate the nasal and oral cavity is called?

A

Palate

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52
Q

The opening towards the back of the nasal cavity that connects the oral and nasal cavities is called

A

Choana

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53
Q

Embryologically, the primary palate gives rise to?

A

Anterior ⅓ from the incisive cleaned and upper 4 incisors

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54
Q

Embryologically, the secondary palate gives rise to?

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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55
Q

Development of the palate takes place in what week?

A

7th - 8th week

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56
Q

2 significant mechanisms that can cause a cleft palate include?

A
  1. Growth retardation
  2. Mechanical obstruction
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57
Q

_________ and _________ are congenital clinical implications related to development of palate and nasal septum.

A
  1. Cleft lip/palate
  2. Choanal atresia
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58
Q

Loosely organized cells derived from mesodermal embryonic tissues, that later develop into connective tissue and skeletal tissues. Are called?

A

Mesenchyme

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59
Q

Mention 4 things the inter-maxillary segment, gives rise to?

A
  1. Bridge of nose
  2. Philtrum
  3. 4 upper incisors
  4. Primary palate
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60
Q

The structures of the oral cavity derive from?

A

First branchial arch

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61
Q

Which pharyngeal arch (es) contribute to the development of different parts of the tongue

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal arches

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62
Q

Development of the tongue begins with growth of medial swelling From 1st pharyngeal arch known as?

A

Tuberculum Impar

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63
Q

The tuberculum impar, together with 2 lateral lingual swelling which fuse and overlap the tuberculum impar, form?

A

The anterior ⅔ of the tongue

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64
Q

The anterior ⅔ of the tongue is innervated by?

A

Chorda tympani

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65
Q

The hypobranchial eminence forms what part of the tongue?

A

The posterior ⅔ of the tongue

66
Q

The posterior ⅔ of the tongue is innervated by?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

67
Q

The most posterior part of the tongue is formed from the 4th pharyngeal arch, and This part is innervated by?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

68
Q

The muscle of the tongue derive from the myoblast which originate in?

A

Occipital somites

69
Q

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

70
Q

The muscles of the tongue are classified in 2, name them?

A
  1. Extrinsic muscles
  2. Intrinsic muscles
71
Q

Examples of extrinsic muscles of the tongue, include?

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Palaglossus
  3. Hyoglossus
  4. Styloglossus

Mnemonic: Great P.H.S

72
Q

What is the action of Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

They allow the tongue move in all directions

73
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue have their origin where?

A

Structures adjacent to the tongue

74
Q

Examples of intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  1. Verticalis
  2. Superior longitudinal
  3. Inferior longitudinal
  4. Transverses muscles

Mnemonic: V.SIT

75
Q

Intrinsic muscles all have their origin and insertion where?

A

Inside the tongue

76
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are responsible for what action?

A

Changing the shape
of the tongue

77
Q

Development of taste buds on the lingual epithelium begins at?

A

Week 8 of IUL

78
Q

Primordial taste buds differentiate into different cell types at?

A

11th - 13th week

79
Q

Mention the functions of the tongue

A
  1. Taste function
  2. Speech
  3. Food manipulation (aids digestion)
80
Q

The respiratory system, including the lining epithelium of the larynx,trachea, bronchi and lungs originates from?

A

Endodermal layer

81
Q

The respiratory diverticulum develops from

A

A ventral outgrowth of the cranial part of the foregut

82
Q

The respiratory diverticulum begins as a midline groove, but it later deepens form?

A

Laryngo-tracheal diverticulum

83
Q

The proximal part of the laryngo-tracheal diverticulum forms?

A

Larynx and Trachea

84
Q

The distal part of the laryngo-tracheal diverticulum bifurcates into

A

2 Bronchial /Lung buds

85
Q

The trachea develops from?

A

Laryngo-tracheal diverticulum

86
Q

Epithelium and gland of trachea develop from?

A

Endoderm

87
Q

Cartilage, muscle and connective tissues of the respiratory system are derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm
around laryngo-tracheal groove

88
Q

Each lungs consist of _____ bronchopulmonary segments

A

10

89
Q

Mention 2 congenital defects related to bronchi and lungs

A
  1. Tracheoesophageal fistula
  2. Tracheal sternosis
90
Q

The stages of lung maturation are?

A
  1. Pseudoglandular stage
  2. Canalicular stage
  3. Terminal sac
  4. Alveolar stage
91
Q

The pseudoglandular stage ranges from?

A

Week 5 to 16

92
Q

The canalicular stage ranges from?

A

Week 16 to 26

93
Q

The terminal sac (saccular) stage ranges from?

A

Week 26 to birth

94
Q

The alveolar stage ranges from?

A

8 months to 8 years

95
Q

Examples of developmental changes that take place in the pseudoglandular stage include;

A
  1. Formation of Bronchial tree
  2. Differentiation of airway epithelium
  3. Development of Smooth muscle
96
Q

Production of surfactant begins at what week?

A

24th week

97
Q

A child, born at the end of the canalicular stage could survive.
True or False

A

True

98
Q

Importance of surfactant include;

A
  1. Prevents lungs from collapse by reducing surface tension
  2. Improves lungs compliance
  3. Prevents atelectasis
99
Q

Fetal Breathing Movement starts before birth.
True or False

A

True

100
Q

Mention factors that affect lung development?

A
  1. Adequate thoracic space
  2. Fetal Breathing movements
  3. Adequate volume of amniotic fluid
  4. Vascular development and blood supply
101
Q

For medicolegal purposes, the lungs of a still born and live born baby can be differentiated by?

A

Placing in the lungs in water, the still born lungs would sink, and
The live born lungs would float due to presence of air inside the lungs

102
Q

______ is caused by surfactant deficiency

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

103
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome is treated by use of?

A

Corticosteroids and thyroxine

104
Q

Failure of the cranial neuropore to close leads to?

A

Anencephaly

105
Q

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close leads to?

A

Spina bifida

106
Q

Both the urinary and genital systems develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

107
Q

In IUD of the kidney, there are 3 systems, namely?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
108
Q

_____ is the rudimentary and non-functional kidney system in IUD?

A

Pronephros

109
Q

______ forms the permanent kidney?

A

Metanephros

110
Q

In males, ______ ducts persist and participate in the formation of the genital system .

A

Mesonephric

111
Q

The collecting ducts of the permanent kidney develop from?

A

Ureteric buds

112
Q

Ureteric buds give rise to; _______, _______, _______ and ________

A
  1. Ureter
  2. Renal pelvis
  3. Major and minor calyces
  4. 1 to 3 million collecting tubules
113
Q

The excretory units of the kidney develop from?

A

Metanephric mesoderm

114
Q

Continuous lengthening of the excretory tubule results in formation of?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
115
Q

At birth, there are approximately ______ nephrons in each kidney?

A

1 million

116
Q

Following the differentiation of glomerular capillaries, urine production begins at what week?

A

10th week

117
Q

Every newly formed collecting tubule is covered at its distal end by a?

A

Metanephric tissue cap

118
Q

The ascent of the kidney is caused by?

A

Diminution of body curvature and growth of body in lumbar and sacral regions

119
Q

Clinical abnormalities in location of kidney include;

A
  1. Pelvic kidney
  2. Horse shoe kidney
  3. Accessory renal arteries
120
Q

The definitive kidney is formed from the metanephros at?

A

Week 12

121
Q

Urine in IUL is removed via

A

It passes into amniotic cavity and mixes with amniotic fluid

122
Q

In fetal life, the kidneys are not responsible for excretion of waste products. Rather the ________ serves this function?

A

Placenta

123
Q

Within the 4th-7th week of IUD, the cloaca divides into?

A
  1. Urogenital sinus
  2. Anal canal
124
Q

A septum between the urogenital sinus and anal canal is called?

A

Urorectal septum

125
Q

The tip of the urorectal septum will form?

A

Perineal body

126
Q

_____ is a fetal structure that is later obliterated

A

Allantois

127
Q

The urogenital sinus has 3 parts, namely?

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Pelvic part
  3. Phallic part
128
Q

In males, the definitive urogenital sinus develops into?

A

Penile urethra

129
Q

In males, the ejaculatory ducts are formed from?

A

The mesonephric ducts

130
Q

_________ is formed by buds from the urethra

A

Prostate gland

131
Q

_________ is formed by budding from the ductus deferens

A

Seminal vesicles

132
Q

The epithelium of the urethra in both males and females originate from?

A

The endoderm

133
Q

In females, the cranial part of the urethra gives rise to?

A

Urethral and Para-urethral glands

134
Q

_______ is the part of the mesoderm of an embryo that develops into a connective tissue, bone or cartilage

A

Mesenchyme

135
Q

Example of bladder defects are;

A
  1. Urachal fistula
  2. Urachal cyst
  3. Urachal sinus
  4. Exstrophy of the bladder
  5. Exstrophy of the cloaca
136
Q

The nervous system is derived from what embryonic layer?

A

Ectoderm

137
Q

______, ______ and ______ make up the Brainstem (hind brain)?

A

Pons, Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata

138
Q

The development of the nervous system behind at what week?

A

3rd week.
It begins with neurulation

139
Q

The brain and the spinal cord is covered by 3 meninges, namely?

A

Pia, Arachnoid, and Dura matter

140
Q

______ stimulates growth factors and neuroectodermal induction?

A

The Notochord

141
Q

Cellular condensation of the neutral plate leads to formation of ______, _______ and then ______

A

Neural groove,
Neural fold,
then the Neural tube

142
Q

Cells that migrate to the top before formation of the neutral tube are called?

A

Neural crest cells

143
Q

Neural crest cells form what part of the nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system

144
Q

Cells within the neural tube form what part of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

145
Q

Closure of the rostral neuropore takes place by?

A

Day 25

146
Q

Closure of the caudal neuropore, takes place by?

A

Day 26-28
(About 2 days after closure of cranial neuropore)

147
Q

The primary vesicles appear at?
They include?

A

4th week

They are; Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

148
Q

The opening around the junction of the medulla and spinal cord at the level of vertebrae C1, is called?

A

Foramen magnum

149
Q

______ are the passage ways for CSF in the brain?

A

Ventricles

150
Q

Ependymal cells are found within the _______ of the brain?

A

Ventricles

151
Q

The foramen between the 2 lateral ventricles, is called?

A

Foramen of Monroe

152
Q

The failure of the rostral neuropore to close by day 25 results in?

A

Anencephaly

153
Q

The failure of the caudal neuropore to close by the 28th day would result in?

A

Spina bifida

154
Q

At the 5th week, the prosencephalon divided to form _______ and ______?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
155
Q

At the 5th week, the Rhombencephalon divides to form _______ and ______?

A
  1. Metencephalon
  2. Myelencephalon
156
Q

The Mesencephalon doesn’t divide, it just develops to form?

A

The Midbrain

157
Q

The Telencephalon forms?

A

The Cerebrum (cerebral cortex and cerebral hemispheres)

158
Q

The Diencephalon forms?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Sub thalamic
159
Q

The Diencephalon forms?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Sub thalamic
160
Q

_______ is caused by inflammation of the Dura matter?

A

Head aches

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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