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The Mediverse 2.2 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pillars of metabolic health?

A
  1. Food
  2. Sleep
  3. Exercise
  4. Emotional health
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2
Q

______ is the sum total of chemical processes that take place in an organism?

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Metabolism comprises 2 group of processes, namely?

A
  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
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4
Q

The chemical processes involving synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones is called?

A

Anabolism

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5
Q

Mention examples of anabolic processes

A
  1. Fatty acids & glycerol react to produce lipid
  2. Amino acids join to form polypeptides
  3. Photosynthesis
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6
Q

The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules to release energy is termed?

A

Catabolism

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7
Q

Examples of catabolic processes include?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Digestion
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8
Q

Carbonhydrates, proteins and lipids enter the TCA cycle as _____&?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

The oxidative phosphorylation of NADH & FADH releases large quantity of energy known as?

A

ATP

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10
Q

________ is the endergonic metabolic process that requires ATP for build up?

A

Anabolism

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11
Q

_______ is the exergonic metabolic process that releases ATP ?

A

Catabolism

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12
Q
  1. Oestrogen
  2. Testosterone
  3. Insulin
  4. Somatostatin
    Are __________ hormones
A

Anabolic

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13
Q

Adrenaline, cortisol, cytokinin, are _______ hormones

A

Catabolic

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14
Q

Absorption of food takes place in?

A

The small intestine

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15
Q

A system that has interactions with its surrounding is called?

A

An open system

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16
Q

A closed system does not interact with its surroundings..
True or false?

A

True

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17
Q

Any process that increases randomnization and occurs on its own is said to be?

A

Spontaneous

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18
Q

If ΔG is positive, then the process would be?

A

Non spontaneous

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19
Q

When change in entropy is zero and Gibbs free energy is zero. It signifies?

A

Termination of life

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20
Q

When the energy from an Exergonic reaction is used to drive another endergonic reaction, it is called?

A

Energy coupling

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21
Q

_____ are used to increase the rate of reactions?

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

A pure protein is also called?

A

Apoprotein or Apoenzyme

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23
Q

The substrates required by an enzyme to function is called?

A

A cofactor

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24
Q

An enzyme coupled with a cofactor is called?

A

Holoenzyme

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25
Q

Enzymes are regulated by?

A
  1. Feedback
  2. Allosteric regulation
  3. Competitive inhibitors
  4. Negative site
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26
Q

The occurrence of both catabolic and anabolic reactions simultaneously is termed?

A

Amphibolism

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27
Q

A typical example of an amphibolic pathway is?

A

Krebs cycle

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28
Q

________ is the replenishing of TCA intermediates?

A

Anaplerosis

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29
Q

________ is the removal of TCA intermediates to support synthesis of glycerides and glycerol?

A

Cataplerosis

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30
Q

The term anaplerosis was first postulated by?

A

Konberg H.L

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31
Q

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to?

A

Lactate acid

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32
Q

The end product of lipids is?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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33
Q

Another term for oxidative phosphorylation is?

A

Beta-oxidation

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34
Q

______ refers to the processes involved in the synthesis, breakdown and utilisation of proteins in living organisms

A

Protein metabolism

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35
Q

List the functions of proteins?

A

They play crucial roles in;
1. Cell functionality
2. Enzymes
3. Hormones
4. Receptors
5. Transporters

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36
Q

_____ are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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37
Q

There are 7 key aspects to protein metabolism. Name them?

A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Amino acid pool
  3. Protein turnover
  4. Protein degradation
  5. Protein digestion
  6. Nitrogen balance
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38
Q

Cells use generic information encoded in DNA to synthesize proteins through a process called?

A

Translation

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39
Q

The part of cells responsible for protein synthesis are?

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

_______ refers to the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation?

A

Protein turnover

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41
Q

The breakdown of protein into their constituent amino acids through various mechanisms is known as?

A

Protein degradation

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42
Q

The primary process responsible for intracellular protein degradation is?

A

Ubiquitin-proteasome system

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43
Q

______ is a complex protein that breakdown other proteins via proteolysis

A

Proteosome

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44
Q

The breakdown of proteins in lysosome is called?

A

Lysosomal degradation

45
Q

Breakdown of proteins in the GIT to smaller components for absorption is ?

A

Protein digestion

46
Q

Protein metabolism is influenced by?

A
  1. Age
  2. Physical activity
  3. Dietary protein intake
  4. Hormonal regulation
  5. General health
47
Q

A ______ is the backbone structure that remains after the -amino group and -carboxyl group are removed from an amino acid molecule

A

Carbon skeleton

48
Q

Carbon skeleton is also known as?

A

Alpha-keto or Keto acid

49
Q

Carbon skeletons are useful in metabolic pathways for?

A
  1. Energy production
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Ketogenesis
  4. Lipogenesis
  5. Formation of other biomolecules e.g nucleotide, heme
50
Q

The fate of a carbon skeleton depends on?

A

The metabolic needs of the organism or availability of other metabolic intermediates

51
Q

TCA means?

A

Tri-Carboxylic Acid

52
Q

A ________ begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product

A

Metabolic pathway

53
Q

Anabolic pathways are also called?

A

Biosynthetic pathways

54
Q

Bioenergetics is the study of _______

A

Energy flow through living organisms

55
Q

______ is the study of energy transformations?

A

Thermodynamics

56
Q

State the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

It states that “ In a closed or isolated system, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another”

57
Q

The 1st law of thermodynamics is also known as?

A

The law of conservation of energy

58
Q

Plants do not produce energy, they transform light energy to chemical energy.
True or false?

A

True

59
Q

______ is the measure of disorder or randomness?

A

Entropy

60
Q

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

A

It states that “ Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe”.
Or
Energy transformations are never 100%

61
Q

Rusting is a spontaneous process, that is fast.
True or false?

A

False.
Rusting is a spontaneous process. But it is slow

62
Q

The universe unavoidably proceeds from states that are more ordered to States that are more disordered.
This statement is implied from what law?

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

63
Q

_________ is the energy currency of the body?

A

ATP

64
Q

_______ is the storage form of energy in the body?

A

ADP

65
Q

ADP + phosphate group produces?

A

ATP

66
Q

The minimum energy that must be attained, for a reaction to take place is

A

Activation energy

67
Q

When enzymes act, they bind to substrate to form?

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

68
Q

Enzyme specificity results from??

A

It’s 3d shape

69
Q

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate is called?

A

Active site

70
Q

________ is the act of an enzyme binding a molecule at a site other than the protein’s active site, usually to alter its structure or inhibit it’s function.

A

Allosteric

71
Q

Glycolysis occurs in?

A

The cytoplasm

72
Q

TCA cycle occurs in?

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

The ability of the body to synthesise energy from non Carbonhydrate precursors is known as

A

Gluconeogenesis

74
Q

The TCA intermediates for Aspartate and Asparagine is?

A

Oxaloacetate

75
Q

The TCA intermediates for
1. Glutamate
2. Glutamine
3. Arginine
4. Proline
5. Glutathione
is?

A

α- ketoglutarate

76
Q

The TCA intermediates for Alanine and Serine is?

A

Acetyl-CoA

77
Q

The TCA intermediates for Phenylalanine and Tyrosine is?

A

Fumarate

78
Q

The TCA cycle intermediate for Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Valine, Threonine, and Porphyrin synthesis is?

A

Succinyl- CoA

79
Q

NADH means?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

80
Q

FADH means

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

81
Q

Examples of monosaccharides include;

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
82
Q

The hormone used to regulate blood sugar level is?

A

Insulin

83
Q

The final products from the aerobic breakdown of glucose is?

A

Co² and H²0

84
Q

Glucose is stored in the body as?

A

Glycogen

85
Q

α-cells of the pancrea secrete ____
Like the Beta-cells secrete insulin

A

Glucagon

86
Q

Gluconeogenesis typically takes place in what body organ?

A

The liver

87
Q

The breakdown, utilisation and storage of fats in the body is called?

A

Metabolism of lipids

88
Q

The end products of lipids are?

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

89
Q

Enzymes that facilitate lipid digestion are called?

A

Lipases

90
Q

______ are large lipoproteins that enable the transportation of lipids through the lymphatic system to the bloodstream

A

Chylomicrons

91
Q

Chylomicrons being transported through the lymphatic system, enter the bloodstream through?

A

The Thoracic duct

92
Q

The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies is called?

A

Ketogenesis

93
Q

Examples of ketone bodies include;

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Betahydroxybutyrate
94
Q

The process whereby the body converts excess glucose to fats and stores it in the liver and adipose tissues is called?

A

Lipogenesis

95
Q

_______ is an essential lipid used in the formation of cell membranes, hormones and bile acids

A

Cholesterol

96
Q

Bile acids are stored in the?

A

Gall bladder

97
Q

When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, excess fatty acids are stored in the adipose tissues as Triglycerides.
This process is known as?

A

Adipogenesis

98
Q

The primary significance of deamination in amino acids is?

A

Production of energy

99
Q

In the citric acid cycle, ATP is produced through?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

100
Q

The primary function of the Pentose-Phosphate pathway is?

A

NADPH production

101
Q

During prolonged fasting, ketone bodies serve as alternative fuel source.
True or False

A

True

102
Q

Excess nitrogen released during protein breakdown is removed from the body as ______ in ______

A

Urea in Urine

103
Q

Lipogenesis primarily occurs in?

A

Adipose tissues and muscles

104
Q

______is the cell compartment involved in anaplerotic reactions

A

Mitochondria

105
Q

________ is the removal of intermediates from a metabolic pathway during cataplerosis

A

Decarboxylation

106
Q

The enzyme responsible for catalysing the deamination of amino acids is called?

A

Deaminase

107
Q

The enzyme responsible for catalysing the transamination reaction in cells is?

A

Amino transferase

108
Q

______ is a common intermediate in the TCA cycle where amino acids are catabolised for energy

A

α-ketoglutarate

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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