Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
What are the pillars of metabolic health?
A
- Food
- Sleep
- Exercise
- Emotional health
2
Q
______ is the sum total of chemical processes that take place in an organism?
A
Metabolism
3
Q
Metabolism comprises 2 group of processes, namely?
A
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
4
Q
The chemical processes involving synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones is called?
A
Anabolism
5
Q
Mention examples of anabolic processes
A
- Fatty acids & glycerol react to produce lipid
- Amino acids join to form polypeptides
- Photosynthesis
6
Q
The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules to release energy is termed?
A
Catabolism
7
Q
Examples of catabolic processes include?
A
- Respiration
- Digestion
8
Q
Carbonhydrates, proteins and lipids enter the TCA cycle as _____&?
A
Acetyl-CoA
9
Q
The oxidative phosphorylation of NADH & FADH releases large quantity of energy known as?
A
ATP
10
Q
________ is the endergonic metabolic process that requires ATP for build up?
A
Anabolism
11
Q
_______ is the exergonic metabolic process that releases ATP ?
A
Catabolism
12
Q
- Oestrogen
- Testosterone
- Insulin
- Somatostatin
Are __________ hormones
A
Anabolic
13
Q
Adrenaline, cortisol, cytokinin, are _______ hormones
A
Catabolic
14
Q
Absorption of food takes place in?
A
The small intestine
15
Q
A system that has interactions with its surrounding is called?
A
An open system
16
Q
A closed system does not interact with its surroundings..
True or false?
A
True
17
Q
Any process that increases randomnization and occurs on its own is said to be?
A
Spontaneous
18
Q
If ΔG is positive, then the process would be?
A
Non spontaneous
19
Q
When change in entropy is zero and Gibbs free energy is zero. It signifies?
A
Termination of life
20
Q
When the energy from an Exergonic reaction is used to drive another endergonic reaction, it is called?
A
Energy coupling
21
Q
_____ are used to increase the rate of reactions?
A
Enzymes
22
Q
A pure protein is also called?
A
Apoprotein or Apoenzyme
23
Q
The substrates required by an enzyme to function is called?
A
A cofactor
24
Q
An enzyme coupled with a cofactor is called?
A
Holoenzyme
25
Enzymes are regulated by?
1. Feedback
2. Allosteric regulation
3. Competitive inhibitors
4. Negative site
26
The occurrence of both catabolic and anabolic reactions simultaneously is termed?
Amphibolism
27
A typical example of an amphibolic pathway is?
Krebs cycle
28
________ is the replenishing of TCA intermediates?
Anaplerosis
29
________ is the removal of TCA intermediates to support synthesis of glycerides and glycerol?
Cataplerosis
30
The term anaplerosis was first postulated by?
Konberg H.L
31
In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to?
Lactate acid
32
The end product of lipids is?
Fatty acids and glycerol
33
Another term for oxidative phosphorylation is?
Beta-oxidation
34
______ refers to the processes involved in the synthesis, breakdown and utilisation of proteins in living organisms
Protein metabolism
35
List the functions of proteins?
They play crucial roles in;
1. Cell functionality
2. Enzymes
3. Hormones
4. Receptors
5. Transporters
36
_____ are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
37
There are 7 key aspects to protein metabolism. Name them?
1. Protein synthesis
2. Amino acid pool
3. Protein turnover
4. Protein degradation
5. Protein digestion
6. Nitrogen balance
38
Cells use generic information encoded in DNA to synthesize proteins through a process called?
Translation
39
The part of cells responsible for protein synthesis are?
Ribosomes
40
_______ refers to the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation?
Protein turnover
41
The breakdown of protein into their constituent amino acids through various mechanisms is known as?
Protein degradation
42
The primary process responsible for intracellular protein degradation is?
Ubiquitin-proteasome system
43
______ is a complex protein that breakdown other proteins via proteolysis
Proteosome
44
The breakdown of proteins in lysosome is called?
Lysosomal degradation
45
Breakdown of proteins in the GIT to smaller components for absorption is ?
Protein digestion
46
Protein metabolism is influenced by?
1. Age
2. Physical activity
3. Dietary protein intake
4. Hormonal regulation
5. General health
47
A ______ is the backbone structure that remains after the -amino group and -carboxyl group are removed from an amino acid molecule
Carbon skeleton
48
Carbon skeleton is also known as?
Alpha-keto or Keto acid
49
Carbon skeletons are useful in metabolic pathways for?
1. Energy production
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Ketogenesis
4. Lipogenesis
5. Formation of other biomolecules e.g nucleotide, heme
50
The fate of a carbon skeleton depends on?
The metabolic needs of the organism or availability of other metabolic intermediates
51
TCA means?
Tri-Carboxylic Acid
52
A ________ begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product
Metabolic pathway
53
Anabolic pathways are also called?
Biosynthetic pathways
54
Bioenergetics is the study of _______
Energy flow through living organisms
55
______ is the study of energy transformations?
Thermodynamics
56
State the 1st law of thermodynamics
It states that " In a closed or isolated system, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another"
57
The 1st law of thermodynamics is also known as?
The law of conservation of energy
58
Plants do not produce energy, they transform light energy to chemical energy.
True or false?
True
59
______ is the measure of disorder or randomness?
Entropy
60
State the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
It states that " Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe".
Or
Energy transformations are never 100%
61
Rusting is a spontaneous process, that is fast.
True or false?
False.
Rusting is a spontaneous process. But it is slow
62
The universe unavoidably proceeds from states that are more ordered to States that are more disordered.
This statement is implied from what law?
2nd law of thermodynamics
63
_________ is the energy currency of the body?
ATP
64
_______ is the storage form of energy in the body?
ADP
65
ADP + phosphate group produces?
ATP
66
The minimum energy that must be attained, for a reaction to take place is
Activation energy
67
When enzymes act, they bind to substrate to form?
Enzyme-substrate complex
68
Enzyme specificity results from??
It's 3d shape
69
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate is called?
Active site
70
________ is the act of an enzyme binding a molecule at a site other than the protein's active site, usually to alter its structure or inhibit it's function.
Allosteric
71
Glycolysis occurs in?
The cytoplasm
72
TCA cycle occurs in?
Mitochondria
73
The ability of the body to synthesise energy from non Carbonhydrate precursors is known as
Gluconeogenesis
74
The TCA intermediates for Aspartate and Asparagine is?
Oxaloacetate
75
The TCA intermediates for
1. Glutamate
2. Glutamine
3. Arginine
4. Proline
5. Glutathione
is?
α- ketoglutarate
76
The TCA intermediates for Alanine and Serine is?
Acetyl-CoA
77
The TCA intermediates for Phenylalanine and Tyrosine is?
Fumarate
78
The TCA cycle intermediate for Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Valine, Threonine, and Porphyrin synthesis is?
Succinyl- CoA
79
NADH means?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
80
FADH means
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
81
Examples of monosaccharides include;
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
82
The hormone used to regulate blood sugar level is?
Insulin
83
The final products from the aerobic breakdown of glucose is?
Co² and H²0
84
Glucose is stored in the body as?
Glycogen
85
α-cells of the pancrea secrete ____
Like the Beta-cells secrete insulin
Glucagon
86
Gluconeogenesis typically takes place in what body organ?
The liver
87
The breakdown, utilisation and storage of fats in the body is called?
Metabolism of lipids
88
The end products of lipids are?
Fatty acids and Glycerol
89
Enzymes that facilitate lipid digestion are called?
Lipases
90
______ are large lipoproteins that enable the transportation of lipids through the lymphatic system to the bloodstream
Chylomicrons
91
Chylomicrons being transported through the lymphatic system, enter the bloodstream through?
The Thoracic duct
92
The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies is called?
Ketogenesis
93
Examples of ketone bodies include;
1. Acetoacetate
2. Betahydroxybutyrate
94
The process whereby the body converts excess glucose to fats and stores it in the liver and adipose tissues is called?
Lipogenesis
95
_______ is an essential lipid used in the formation of cell membranes, hormones and bile acids
Cholesterol
96
Bile acids are stored in the?
Gall bladder
97
When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, excess fatty acids are stored in the adipose tissues as Triglycerides.
This process is known as?
Adipogenesis
98
The primary significance of deamination in amino acids is?
Production of energy
99
In the citric acid cycle, ATP is produced through?
Oxidative phosphorylation
100
The primary function of the Pentose-Phosphate pathway is?
NADPH production
101
During prolonged fasting, ketone bodies serve as alternative fuel source.
True or False
True
102
Excess nitrogen released during protein breakdown is removed from the body as ______ in ______
**Urea** in **Urine**
103
Lipogenesis primarily occurs in?
Adipose tissues and muscles
104
______is the cell compartment involved in anaplerotic reactions
Mitochondria
105
________ is the removal of intermediates from a metabolic pathway during cataplerosis
Decarboxylation
106
The enzyme responsible for catalysing the deamination of amino acids is called?
Deaminase
107
The enzyme responsible for catalysing the transamination reaction in cells is?
Amino transferase
108
______ is a common intermediate in the TCA cycle where amino acids are catabolised for energy
α-ketoglutarate
