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The Mediverse 2.2 > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for GIT is?

A

Digestive system or alimentary canal

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2
Q

List the Parts of the GIT?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Pharynx
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
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3
Q

Examples of accessory organs to the GIT?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Pancreas
  5. Gall bladder
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4
Q

Semi liquid food in the stomach is known as?

A

Chyme

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5
Q

Another word for swallowing is?

A

Deglutition

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6
Q

What channels are responsible for action potential in the GIT?

A

Calcium-Sodium channels

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7
Q

The parotid glands are responsible for?

A

Secretion of saliva

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8
Q

The walls of the GIT is composed of

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa / Adventitia
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9
Q

The muscularis externa comprises?

A

Inner circular muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

The gut is composed of different layers of what muscle?

A

Smooth muscles

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11
Q

What is the Meissner plexus

A

It is located in the submucosa
It is a network of nerves that transmit stimuli to the CNS through sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

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12
Q

Which organ is a house for useful bacteria in the body?

A

The appendix

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13
Q

A single cell containing multiple nuclei is called?

A

Synctium

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14
Q

The interstitial cells of cajal are?

A

The electrical pacemakers for smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

Electrical activities in the body is characterised by?

A

Slow waves, and
Spikes (excite muscle contraction)

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16
Q

The resting membrane potential in the GIT is?

A

-56mv

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17
Q

Mention some Factors that depolarise the membrane?

A
  1. Stretching of the muscles
  2. Hormonal secretions, specific to the GIT.
  3. Stimulation by acetylcholine
  4. Stimulation by parasympathetic nerves that secrete acetylcholine
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18
Q

Mention some factors that can hyperpolarise the GIT

A
  1. Effect of norepinephrine or epinephrine
  2. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves that secrete norepinephrine
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19
Q

When a membrane is depolarised, the membrane is?

A

Highly excitable

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20
Q

When a membrane is hyperpolarised, it is?

A

Less excitable

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21
Q

What causes contraction in smooth muscles?

A

Ca+ ions

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22
Q

Asides the parotid gland, what are other glands involved in saliva secretion.

A
  1. Submaxillary
  2. Sublingual
  3. Small buccal glands
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23
Q

What sphincter is responsible for controlling the emptying of the stomach into the duodenum?

A

The pyloric sphincter

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24
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

6.0-7.0

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25
Q

What is the daily amount of saliva secreted?

A

800ml - 1500ml
Average of 1000ml

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26
Q

What is the pH of gastric juices?

A

1.0 - 3.5 (very acidic)

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27
Q

What is the pH of pancreatic juices!?

A

8.0 - 8.3 (slightly alkaline)

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28
Q

The volume of bile juices is

A

1000ml

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29
Q

The pH of bile juices is

A

7.8

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30
Q

What is the volume and pH of secretions of the small intestine?

A

Volume: 1800ml
pH: 7.5 - 8.0

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31
Q

The pH of the Brunner gland is?

A

8.0-8.9

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32
Q

The volume and pH of secretions of the Large intestine?

A

Volume: 200ml
pH: 7.5-8.0

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33
Q

The volume of the total daily secretions of the entire GIT is?

A

6700ml

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34
Q

The saliva is composed of?

A

Water, digestive enzymes, mucin, kallikrein, lysozyme, uric acid and inorganic constituents

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35
Q

Examples of digestive enzymes in the saliva?

A
  1. Ptyalin
  2. Lingual lipase
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36
Q

The inorganic constituents of saliva include?

A

Bicarbonate ion, Cl-, PO-⁴ , Na+, K+, Ca²+ , Mg²+, NH⁴+

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37
Q

What are the functions of the saliva?

A
  1. It maintains healthy oral tissues
  2. It aids carrying of food particles and pathogenic bacteria
  3. It contains enzymes and lysosome that attack bacteria
  4. It prevents dental caries
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38
Q

A greenish-brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver, which aids emulsification of fats is known as

A

Bile

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39
Q

An orange-yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin is called?

A

Bilerubin

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40
Q

Glands that secrete substances directly into the blood are called?

A

Endocrine glands

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41
Q

Glands that secrete substances through a duct opening on an external or internal surface of the body are known as?

A

Exocrine glands

42
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

The breakdown of RBC’s

43
Q

The specialised cells in the liver that destroy bacteria, foreign protein and worn out blood cells are called?

A

Kupffer cells

44
Q

The internal hollow of a vessel or GI tract is called?

45
Q

WBC’s that destroy invading micro organisms are?

A

Macrophages

46
Q

What is PPN?

A

Partial Parental Nutrition
It contains all essential nutrients administered intravenously to supplement other means of nutrition

47
Q

The contraction and relaxation of the oesophagus ia known as?

A

Peristalsis

48
Q

The absence of HCl in the stomach is known as?

A

Achlorhydria

49
Q

The bile is stored and concentrated in what organ?

A

The gall bladder

50
Q

The 3 major sources of carbonhydrates are?

A
  1. Sucrose (from sugar cane)
  2. Lactose (from milk)
  3. Starch (from grain and most non-animal foods)
51
Q

The basic enzyme for protein digestion in the stomach is?

52
Q

The stages of protein digestion follows what pathway?

A

Protein- Peptone- Polypeptide- Amino acids

53
Q

After deamination, protein is excreted as?

A

Urea in the urine

54
Q

What emulsify fats in the body?

A

Bile and Lecithin

55
Q

What are the functions of the GIT?

A

Transportation, Digestion and absorption of food

56
Q

The epithelium found in the mouth is?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

The gastro-oesophageal or cardiac sphincter prevents?

A

Reflux of gastric contents

58
Q

Abnormal number of platelets in the body is known as?

A

Thrombocytopenia

59
Q

Total Parental Nutrition is popularly known as?

A

DRIP.
It contains dextrose and amino acids

60
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic nervous system on digestion

A

It promotes digestion

61
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on digestion?

A

It inhibits digestion

62
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system regulates activities occurring when the body is?

A

At rest.
Examples; salivation, digestion, and defecation

63
Q

The sympathetic nervous system regulates activities occurring when the body is?

A

Fight or flight mode

64
Q

Pain in swallowing is also known as?

65
Q

The sphincter of oddi is located at?

A

The duodenum

66
Q

Endocrine functions of the pancreas include production of what hormones?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Somatostatin
67
Q

The exocrine functions of the pancreas include?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

68
Q

What body organs is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

The pancreas

69
Q

Mention the functions of the liver

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Detoxification of hormones
  3. Production of all vitamin K dependent factors
  4. Kuppfer cells aid Immunity
  5. Metabolism of carbohydrates
  6. Metabolism of protein
  7. Production of bile
  8. Synthesis of blood clotting factors
  9. Conjugation of bilerubin
70
Q

The cells of the liver, responsible for filtration of blood are called?

A

Kuppfer cells

71
Q

Blood supply to the liver is through?

A

Portal vein and Hepatic artery

72
Q

The functional unit of the liver is?

A

Lobule or acinus

73
Q

Which body organ is fully regenerative

A

The liver.
Any part that is cut out, grows back again

74
Q

Bile is composed of?

A
  1. Water
  2. Bile salts
  3. Bile pigment
75
Q

Bile pigment consist of what constituents

A
  1. Bilerubin
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Phospholipids
76
Q

The gall bladder is innervated by?

A
  1. Splanchnic nerve
  2. Right branch of vagus nerve
77
Q

Blood supply to the gall bladder is through

A
  1. Cystic artery
  2. Hepatic artery
78
Q

The enzyme responsible for contraction of the gall bladder?

A

Cholecystokin (CCK)

79
Q

Surgical removal of the gall bladder is known as?

A

Cholecystectomy

80
Q

A pear shaped sac-like organ, attached to the liver is known as?

A

Gall bladder

81
Q

The functions of the large intestine are?

A
  1. Absorption of K, Na, Cl ions
  2. Production of mucus which lubricates the intestinal wall and holds produced faeces together during excretion
82
Q

The part of the colon In between the descending colon and rectum is called?

A

Sigmoid colon

83
Q

The large intestine is divided into 4. Name them!

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
84
Q

The origin and termination of the large intestine is at?

A

Origin: ileum
End: rectum

85
Q

Blood supply to the small intestine is through?

A
  1. Celiac artery
  2. Superior mesenteric artery
86
Q

Innervation of the small intestine and what organ are the same?

A

The stomach

87
Q

Mention the enzymes in the small intestine

A
  1. Lipase
  2. Amylase
  3. Maltase
  4. Lactase
  5. Sucrase
  6. Somatostatin
  7. Serotonin
  8. Enterokinase
  9. Enterogastrone
  10. Cholecystokin
  11. Gastric Inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
  12. Vasoactive Intestinal peptide (VIP)
88
Q

Daily, the small intestine absorbs what amount of water?

89
Q

Absorption of vitamins, nutrients and electrolytes take place in the?

A

Small intestine

90
Q

Duodenum, jejenum, ileum are parts of what body organ?

A

The small intestine

91
Q

Innervation to the stomach occurs through?

A
  1. Intrinsic innervation via Meissner plexus & mesenteric plexus
  2. Extrinsic Innervation via parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves e.g vagus nerve
92
Q

Blood supply to the stomach is through?

A
  1. Splenic artery
  2. Gastro duodenal artery
  3. Right and left gastric artery
93
Q

Examples of cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Goblet cells (secretes mucus)
  2. Parietal cells (secretes HCl)
  3. Cheif cells (secrete pesinogen)
  4. G-cells (secrete gastrin)
94
Q

________ plexus controls the outer activities of the GIT

95
Q

____ plexus controls the inner activities of the GIT

A

Submucosal (Meissner)

96
Q

Under normal conditions in saliva secretion ___ and ___ ions are easily absorbed

A

K and HCO³

97
Q

Under hypersalivation in saliva secretion ___ and ___ ions are easily absorbed

98
Q

Accumulation of food in the oesophagus due to stiffening of the oesophageal sphincter is called?

99
Q

When the oesophageal sphincter becomes weak and easily allows the reflux of food, it is called?

100
Q

The muscle of the stomach responsible for churning of food in the stomach is known as?

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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