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Pathology I > Respiratory Pathology lecture 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchioles do not contain ___ and ___ cells

A

Cartilage or goblet cells

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2
Q

What cell is specific to bronchioles

A

Clara/ club cells

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3
Q

What is the function of club/clara cells

A
  1. Act as stem cells- divide to replace bronchiolar epithelium
  2. Secrete protective factors- antimicrobial products, surfactant, oxidases (cytochrome P450)
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4
Q

Why does innate susceptibility increase in the bronchioles

A

Fewer ciliated cells and no mucous layer so no mucociliary apparatus to help clear out inhaled particles

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5
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

What type of cells are specific to alveoli

A
  1. Type I pneumocytes
  2. Type II pneumocytes
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7
Q

What is the purpose of type I pneumocytes

A

Gas exchange- very thin

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8
Q

what are the red and green arrows pointing at

A

Red: type II pneumocytes
Green: type I pneumocytes

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9
Q

What are some functions of type II pneumocytes

A

Produce surfactant and act as stem cells to proliferate lost surface area when type I pneumocytes are damaged

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10
Q

what does this image show? And why does this occur. How does it affect gas exchange

A

Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia due to non-specific response to alveolar injury

Decrease gas exchange because thicker

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11
Q

What is the defense system of the alveoli

A

Alveolar and intravascular macrophages- phagocytosis

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12
Q

What is the most vulnerable portion of the respiratory system

A

Alveoli

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13
Q

What are the risk factors associated with RAO

A

Age, being stabled, possibly genetic

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14
Q

What are the causes of RAO

A

Hypersensitivity response to inhaled particles- moldy hay, endotoxin

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15
Q

What are some clinical signs of RAO

A

Exercise intolerance, flared nostrils, increased respiratory effort, heave line

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16
Q

What is the heave line

A

Hypertrophy of abdominal muscles

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17
Q

What are the gross changes associated with RAO

A

Hyperinflation- emphysema

18
Q

what are arrows pointing to and what is cause

A

Heave line- caused by RAO

19
Q

What occurs histologically with RAO

A

Goblet cell metaplasia—> mucus plug, smooth muscle hypertrophy, eosinophilia, peribronchiolar edema

20
Q

Why does a mucus plug form in RAO

A

Goblet cell metaplasia occurs and goblet cells not supposed to be in bronchioles which lack a mucociliary apparatus so can’t transport mucus out

21
Q

Horse in respiratory distress, flared nostrils, heave line. What is wrong

A

RAO- goblet cell metaplasia and mucus plug, smooth muscle hypertrophy

22
Q

What is cause of feline asthma

A

Hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens

23
Q

What is congestion and what does it typically indicated

A

Passive dilations of blood vessels

Typically indicates some degree of left sided heart failure

24
Q

What is hyperemia and what are some causes

A

Active dilation of blood vessels
Causes: acute inflammatory process, toxic, allergic, infection, aspiration pneumonia

Physiological- cold—> dilate BV

25
Q

What is hypostatic congestion

A

Blood congestion secondary to gravity, occurs postmortem

26
Q

What circulatory disturbance is present here

A

hyperemia or congestion

27
Q

what do these pictures indicate

A

Chronic left sided heart failure
Hemosideran macrophages (HF cells) and hemosiderin gives lung brown appearance

28
Q

What are some causes of hemorrhage

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Coagulopathy
  3. Ruptured vessels
  4. EIPH
29
Q

what circulatory disturbance is present here

A

Hemorrhage

30
Q

What is the cause of EIPH

A

Massive rupture of small alveolar capillaries

31
Q

EIPH most commonly occurs in what horses

A

Race horses

32
Q

What is the major clinical sign of EIPH

A

Epistaxis

33
Q

What are some causes of pulmonary thromboembolism

A
  1. Hepatic abscess
  2. Endocarditis
  3. Steroids
  4. Loss of anti-thrombin III
  5. IMHA
  6. Heart worm
  7. Neoplasia
34
Q

What is emphysema

A

Hyperinflation of alveoli potentially leading to septal rupture and fusion of airspace’s

35
Q

What is a bullae

A

Large air pockets caused by obstruction and increased alveolar pressures and/or alveolar septal weakness

Secondary to emphysema

36
Q

What is wrong

A

emphysema
Right: bullae

37
Q

What is atelectasis

A

Deflation/collapse of alveoli leading to partial or complete loss of air in alveolar spaces

38
Q

What is the gross appearance of atelectasis

A

Red, heavy firm, small, collapsed

39
Q

What pulmonary inflation disturbance would calf diphtheria cause

A

Atelectasis- mass occluding larynx

40
Q

What type of pulmonary inflammation disturbance would pleural effusion cause

A

Atelectasis

41
Q

what is wrong

A

Atelectasis

Pathology I (15 decks)

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