Respiratory Pathology Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are two viral infectious causes of rhinitis in horses
- Equine influenza
- Equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4
What are some mild signs of equine influenza
Serous nasal discharge, fever, and conjunctivitis
What industry is equine influenza especially a concern in
Race industry- respiratory distress
How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect foals
Mild respiratory disease
How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect mares
Myeloencephalopathy and abortions
Herpes virus can remain latent in ___, become reactive during time of __ and ___ and undergo ___ transmission to susceptible host
Trigeminal ganglia, stress, immunocompromised, Aerogenous
What is the guttural pouch
Large air filled diverticula on the ventral portion of the Eustachian tubes in horses
What are some important structures in the guttural pouch
Internal and external carotid arteries, maxillary artery. CN VII, IX, X, XI, and XII
Atlanto-occipital joint
Strangles/ Streptococcus equi affects what age group
Young horses
What is the pathogenesis of strangles/ Streptococcus equi
- Aerogenous infection of nasopharyngeal mucosa
- Lymphatic vessels
- Mandibular and retropharyngeal LN
- Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis
- Clinical signs: cough, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, swollen lymph nodes
Young Horse presents with suppurative rhinitis and swollen lymph nodes. What is your concern
strangles
What are some sequela of strangles
- Bastard strangles
- Bronchopneumonia
- Laryngeal hemiplagia
- Dysphasia
- Facial paralysis
- Horners syndrome
- Purpura hemorrhagica
- Guttural pouch empyema +/- chondroids
What is bastard strangles and how does it spread
Hematogenous spread
Abscess formation in organs throughout the body
Often fatal-systemic spread
What nerve compression and atrophies can result from strangles
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve—> laryngeal hemiplegia
- Vagus and glossopharyngeal—> dysphagia
- SNS nerves—> facial paralysis and horners
What does horners syndrome look like
Miosis, partial ptosis, and elevated third eyelid
What is purpura hemorrhagica
Streptococcus equi antigen-antibody complexes form in the small vessels in skin and mucosa causing vasculitis
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is purpura hemorrhagica
Type III
what is wrong and what can be the cause
Guttural pouch pus- empyema
Caused by strangles
What wrong here and what is a potential cause
empyema with chondroids
Cause: strangles
What is wrong here and what is causative agent
guttural pouch mycosis
Cause: aspergillus fumigatus
How can you grossly tell difference between guttural pouch mycosis and guttural pouch empyema
Mycosis appears more necrotizing and hemorrhagic, whereas empyema is more yellow pus
What are some possible sequela to guttural pouch mycosis
- Epistaxis
- Thrombosis of a carotid artery—> cerebral infarcts
- CN deficits
What is wrong here
mycosis with hemorrhage
Where do nasopharyngeal polyps form
Middle ear to Eustachian tube and nasopharynx or external ear canal
What is a nasopharyngeal polyp composed of
Mildly inflamed fibrovascular stroma covered by squamous or pseudostratified epithelium
What species are nasopharyngeal polyps common in
Most common in cats, also seen in horses
Nasopharyngeal polyps are associated with what 3 problems
- Chronic rhinitis
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media
what is wrong
Nasopharyngeal polyp
What non-neoplastic space occupying mass do horses get in the nasal cavity
Ethmoid hematomas
How do horses with ethmoid hematomas present
Unilateral epistaxis
What is wrong
Ethmoid hematoma
What species are nasal neoplastic masses common in
Dogs»>cats> horses
What is the most common cell type for nasal neoplastic masses
Epithelial»>mesenchymal»round
What is the most common nasal tumor of dogs
Adenocarcinomas
What is the most common nasal tumor of horses
Squamous cell carcinoma
Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in
adenocarcinoma
Most common in dogs
Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common in horses
What nasal tumor do sheep and goats commonly get
Enzootic nasal carcinoma
What is the cause of enzootic nasal carcinoma
Enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 and 2
Where do enzootic nasal tumors typically arise from
Ethmoid conchae
necropsy of sheep shows this what is a top differential
Enzootic nasal carcinoma in ethmoid conchae
caused by ENTV 1 and 2
Histo of goat nasal tumor, what is most likely cause
Enzootic nasal carcinoma caused by ENTV 1 and 2
What is the origin of sarcomas
Mesenchymal neoplasms
What type of nasal tumor is this
fibrosarcoma
what type of nasal tumor is this
Osteosarcoma
What type of nasal tumor is this
chondrosarcoma
What is the most common nasal tumor of cats
Nasal lymphoma
Histo of nasal tumor- what kind of tumor is this and what species is it the most common nasal tumor in
nasal lymphoma
Most common nasal tumor in cats
Calf diphtheria is a disease of the ___
Larynx
What causes calf diphtheria
1st: disruption /compromise in laryngeal mucosa that can be d/t IBR, trauma, or excessive vocalization (separation anxiety)
2nd: secondary infection caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
In calf diphtheria pieces of the exudate can be aspirated into the lung and cause __
Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia
What are some sequela of calf diphtheria
Death from toxemia/ bacteriemia, asphyxiation, bronchopneumonia
Describe the lesion, what is the likely disease and cause of that disease
Lesion: fibrinonecrotizing laryngitis
Disease: calf diphtheria
Cause: secondary infection caused by fusobacterium necrophorum
What is laryngeal hemiplegia
Unilateral, typically left sided atrophy of the cricoarytenoid dorsal is muscle due to neuropathy of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What dog breeds is this typically common in
Older, large breed dogs
Horse presents with “roaring” what is likely cause
Laryngeal hemiplegia
Laryngeal hemiplegia in horses is potentially a sequela of what major disease
Strangles
What is wrong here
laryngeal hemiplegia
What dogs does tracheal collapse typically occur in
Middle aged, small breed dogs
What is the cause of tracheal collapse
Progressive weakening/ degeneration of tracheal cartilage
What is the clinical presentation of tracheal collapse
Dry cough, goose honking cough, exercise intolerance , respiratory distress
What parasitic disease can be found at the tracheal bifurcation in dogs
Oslerus olseri
Oslerus osleri causes ___ in dogs
Parasitic tracheobronchitis
What age group is typically affected by Oslerus osleri
Young dogs
dog trachea: What is wrong here
Oslerus osleri- parasitic disease at tracheal bifurcation- can cause parasitic tracheobronchitis
dog trachea: What is wrong here
Tracheal granulomas containing Oslerus olseri nematodes
What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes
hydrothorax
4 causes of edema:
1. Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased vascular oncotic pressure
3. Decreased lymphatic drainage
4. Increased vascular permeability
What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes- indicate most common cause
chylothorax
Caused by rupture of major lymphatic vessels
1. Idiopathic- most common
2. Thoracic neoplasia
3. Trauma
What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes
Hemothorax
Causes:
1. Rupture/erosion of major vessels
2. Coagulopathy- rodenticide, DIC, thrombocytopenia
What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes
pythorax
1. Bacterial infection
2. Pneumonia/ pleurpneumonia
3. Trauma- bite wound
4. Migrating FB- grass awn
Dog was eating lots of grass and then presents with this thoracic effusion:
What type of effusion os this and what is the cause
pyothorax- mixture of blood and pyogranulomatous exudate
Cause: migrating FB- grass awn—> brings in Nocardia or Actinomyces—> pyogranulomatous pleuritis
What bacteria are typically associated with grass awn caused pyothorax
Nocardia and Actinomyces
Cat presents with these lesions and thoracic effusion: what type of effusion is this and what is likely cause
pyothorax
Likely FIP- fibrinous pyogranulomatous pleuritis and phlebitis
FIP results in the accumulation of thick ___ thoracic effusion
Proteinaceous
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is FIP with pyothorax
Wet type- type III
What is this
pleural mesothelioma
Horse presents with yellow, opaque nasal discharge as well as swollen LN that rupture and release thick opaque exudate. What are two morphological diagnosis’s based on images
Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadentitis
What are 3 possible differentials for this lesion
- Guttural pouch mycosis
- Nasal neoplasia
- Rupture ethmoid hematoma
