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Pathology I > Respiratory Pathology Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two viral infectious causes of rhinitis in horses

A
  1. Equine influenza
  2. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4
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2
Q

What are some mild signs of equine influenza

A

Serous nasal discharge, fever, and conjunctivitis

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3
Q

What industry is equine influenza especially a concern in

A

Race industry- respiratory distress

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4
Q

How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect foals

A

Mild respiratory disease

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5
Q

How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect mares

A

Myeloencephalopathy and abortions

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6
Q

Herpes virus can remain latent in ___, become reactive during time of __ and ___ and undergo ___ transmission to susceptible host

A

Trigeminal ganglia, stress, immunocompromised, Aerogenous

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7
Q

What is the guttural pouch

A

Large air filled diverticula on the ventral portion of the Eustachian tubes in horses

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8
Q

What are some important structures in the guttural pouch

A

Internal and external carotid arteries, maxillary artery. CN VII, IX, X, XI, and XII
Atlanto-occipital joint

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9
Q

Strangles/ Streptococcus equi affects what age group

A

Young horses

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of strangles/ Streptococcus equi

A
  1. Aerogenous infection of nasopharyngeal mucosa
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Mandibular and retropharyngeal LN
  4. Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis
  5. Clinical signs: cough, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, swollen lymph nodes
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11
Q

Young Horse presents with suppurative rhinitis and swollen lymph nodes. What is your concern

A

strangles

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12
Q

What are some sequela of strangles

A
  1. Bastard strangles
  2. Bronchopneumonia
  3. Laryngeal hemiplagia
  4. Dysphasia
  5. Facial paralysis
  6. Horners syndrome
  7. Purpura hemorrhagica
  8. Guttural pouch empyema +/- chondroids
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13
Q

What is bastard strangles and how does it spread

A

Hematogenous spread
Abscess formation in organs throughout the body
Often fatal-systemic spread

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14
Q

What nerve compression and atrophies can result from strangles

A
  1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve—> laryngeal hemiplegia
  2. Vagus and glossopharyngeal—> dysphagia
  3. SNS nerves—> facial paralysis and horners
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15
Q

What does horners syndrome look like

A

Miosis, partial ptosis, and elevated third eyelid

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16
Q

What is purpura hemorrhagica

A

Streptococcus equi antigen-antibody complexes form in the small vessels in skin and mucosa causing vasculitis

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17
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is purpura hemorrhagica

A

Type III

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18
Q

what is wrong and what can be the cause

A

Guttural pouch pus- empyema
Caused by strangles

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19
Q

What wrong here and what is a potential cause

A

empyema with chondroids
Cause: strangles

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20
Q

What is wrong here and what is causative agent

A

guttural pouch mycosis
Cause: aspergillus fumigatus

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21
Q

How can you grossly tell difference between guttural pouch mycosis and guttural pouch empyema

A

Mycosis appears more necrotizing and hemorrhagic, whereas empyema is more yellow pus

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22
Q

What are some possible sequela to guttural pouch mycosis

A
  1. Epistaxis
  2. Thrombosis of a carotid artery—> cerebral infarcts
  3. CN deficits
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23
Q

What is wrong here

A

mycosis with hemorrhage

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24
Q

Where do nasopharyngeal polyps form

A

Middle ear to Eustachian tube and nasopharynx or external ear canal

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25
Q

What is a nasopharyngeal polyp composed of

A

Mildly inflamed fibrovascular stroma covered by squamous or pseudostratified epithelium

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26
Q

What species are nasopharyngeal polyps common in

A

Most common in cats, also seen in horses

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27
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyps are associated with what 3 problems

A
  1. Chronic rhinitis
  2. Sinusitis
  3. Otitis media
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28
Q

what is wrong

A

Nasopharyngeal polyp

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29
Q

What non-neoplastic space occupying mass do horses get in the nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid hematomas

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30
Q

How do horses with ethmoid hematomas present

A

Unilateral epistaxis

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31
Q

What is wrong

A

Ethmoid hematoma

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32
Q

What species are nasal neoplastic masses common in

A

Dogs»>cats> horses

33
Q

What is the most common cell type for nasal neoplastic masses

A

Epithelial»>mesenchymal»round

34
Q

What is the most common nasal tumor of dogs

A

Adenocarcinomas

35
Q

What is the most common nasal tumor of horses

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

36
Q

Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in

A

adenocarcinoma
Most common in dogs

37
Q

Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common in horses

38
Q

What nasal tumor do sheep and goats commonly get

A

Enzootic nasal carcinoma

39
Q

What is the cause of enzootic nasal carcinoma

A

Enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 and 2

40
Q

Where do enzootic nasal tumors typically arise from

A

Ethmoid conchae

41
Q

necropsy of sheep shows this what is a top differential

A

Enzootic nasal carcinoma in ethmoid conchae
caused by ENTV 1 and 2

42
Q

Histo of goat nasal tumor, what is most likely cause

A

Enzootic nasal carcinoma caused by ENTV 1 and 2

43
Q

What is the origin of sarcomas

A

Mesenchymal neoplasms

44
Q

What type of nasal tumor is this

A

fibrosarcoma

45
Q

what type of nasal tumor is this

A

Osteosarcoma

46
Q

What type of nasal tumor is this

A

chondrosarcoma

47
Q

What is the most common nasal tumor of cats

A

Nasal lymphoma

48
Q

Histo of nasal tumor- what kind of tumor is this and what species is it the most common nasal tumor in

A

nasal lymphoma
Most common nasal tumor in cats

49
Q

Calf diphtheria is a disease of the ___

A

Larynx

50
Q

What causes calf diphtheria

A

1st: disruption /compromise in laryngeal mucosa that can be d/t IBR, trauma, or excessive vocalization (separation anxiety)
2nd: secondary infection caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

51
Q

In calf diphtheria pieces of the exudate can be aspirated into the lung and cause __

A

Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia

52
Q

What are some sequela of calf diphtheria

A

Death from toxemia/ bacteriemia, asphyxiation, bronchopneumonia

53
Q

Describe the lesion, what is the likely disease and cause of that disease

A

Lesion: fibrinonecrotizing laryngitis
Disease: calf diphtheria
Cause: secondary infection caused by fusobacterium necrophorum

54
Q

What is laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Unilateral, typically left sided atrophy of the cricoarytenoid dorsal is muscle due to neuropathy of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

55
Q

What dog breeds is this typically common in

A

Older, large breed dogs

56
Q

Horse presents with “roaring” what is likely cause

A

Laryngeal hemiplegia

57
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia in horses is potentially a sequela of what major disease

A

Strangles

58
Q

What is wrong here

A

laryngeal hemiplegia

59
Q

What dogs does tracheal collapse typically occur in

A

Middle aged, small breed dogs

60
Q

What is the cause of tracheal collapse

A

Progressive weakening/ degeneration of tracheal cartilage

61
Q

What is the clinical presentation of tracheal collapse

A

Dry cough, goose honking cough, exercise intolerance , respiratory distress

62
Q

What parasitic disease can be found at the tracheal bifurcation in dogs

A

Oslerus olseri

63
Q

Oslerus osleri causes ___ in dogs

A

Parasitic tracheobronchitis

64
Q

What age group is typically affected by Oslerus osleri

A

Young dogs

65
Q

dog trachea: What is wrong here

A

Oslerus osleri- parasitic disease at tracheal bifurcation- can cause parasitic tracheobronchitis

66
Q

dog trachea: What is wrong here

A

Tracheal granulomas containing Oslerus olseri nematodes

67
Q

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

A

hydrothorax
4 causes of edema:
1. Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased vascular oncotic pressure
3. Decreased lymphatic drainage
4. Increased vascular permeability

68
Q

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes- indicate most common cause

A

chylothorax
Caused by rupture of major lymphatic vessels
1. Idiopathic- most common
2. Thoracic neoplasia
3. Trauma

69
Q

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

A

Hemothorax
Causes:
1. Rupture/erosion of major vessels
2. Coagulopathy- rodenticide, DIC, thrombocytopenia

70
Q

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

A

pythorax
1. Bacterial infection
2. Pneumonia/ pleurpneumonia
3. Trauma- bite wound
4. Migrating FB- grass awn

71
Q

Dog was eating lots of grass and then presents with this thoracic effusion:
What type of effusion os this and what is the cause

A

pyothorax- mixture of blood and pyogranulomatous exudate
Cause: migrating FB- grass awn—> brings in Nocardia or Actinomyces—> pyogranulomatous pleuritis

72
Q

What bacteria are typically associated with grass awn caused pyothorax

A

Nocardia and Actinomyces

73
Q

Cat presents with these lesions and thoracic effusion: what type of effusion is this and what is likely cause

A

pyothorax
Likely FIP- fibrinous pyogranulomatous pleuritis and phlebitis

74
Q

FIP results in the accumulation of thick ___ thoracic effusion

A

Proteinaceous

75
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is FIP with pyothorax

A

Wet type- type III

76
Q

What is this

A

pleural mesothelioma

77
Q

Horse presents with yellow, opaque nasal discharge as well as swollen LN that rupture and release thick opaque exudate. What are two morphological diagnosis’s based on images

A

Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadentitis

78
Q

What are 3 possible differentials for this lesion

A
  1. Guttural pouch mycosis
  2. Nasal neoplasia
  3. Rupture ethmoid hematoma

Pathology I (15 decks)

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