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Pathology I > Reproductive Pathology Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive Pathology Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are important in formation of follicles and corpus luteum

A

FSH and LH

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2
Q

What hormone starts increasing during proestrus and spikes during ovulation

A

Estrogen

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3
Q

When estrogen is increase, progesterone is ___

A

Decreased (and vice versa)

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4
Q

When does progesterone increase

A

During estrus and diestrus

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5
Q

What cells are follicles composed of

A

Granulosa and theca cells

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6
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete

A

Estrogen and inhibin

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7
Q

What do theca interna cells secrete

A

Androgens

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8
Q

What follows the post ovulation follicle

A

Corpus hemorrhagicm—> Corpus luteum

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining corpus luteum and pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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10
Q

Histo from ovary, label 1-4

A
  1. Granulosa cells
  2. Theca interna
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Stroma
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11
Q

Paraovarian cysts are remnants of __ and ___

A

Wolffian and Müllerian ducts

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12
Q

Paraovarian cysts are common in what species

A

Cats and dogs

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13
Q

Hydatid or morgagni- fimbrial cyst is common in what species

A

Mares

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14
Q

Horse ovary- what is wrong- broad and specific type

A

broad: paraovarian cyst
Mare specific: hydatid or morgangi cyst

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15
Q

Rete ovarii is common in what species

A

Cats and dogs

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16
Q

What is the issue with rete ovarii cysts

A

Compress cortex—> atrophy

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17
Q

What species commonly gets epithelial inclusion cysts

A

Mares

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18
Q

Where do the epithelial inclusion cysts occur

A

Around ovulation fossa

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19
Q

What is problem with epithelial inclusion cysts

A

Obstruction ovulation—> infertility

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20
Q

What species commonly get cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicles

A

Cows and sows

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21
Q

What causes cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicles

A

Arise because of failure of ovulation—> inhibit ovulation

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22
Q

Ovary from a dog- what is likely dx

A

Cystic rete ovarii

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23
Q

Ovary from horse- what is likely dx

A

epithelial inclusion cyst

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24
Q

Ovary from cow- what is likely dx

A

cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicular cyst

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25
Q

T or F: most ovarian germ cell neoplasms are benign

A

True

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26
Q

What is a dysgerminoma

A

Undifferentiated primitive germ cells

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27
Q

What is a teratoma

A

Totipotent primordial germ cells that have at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers

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28
Q

What type of neoplasms is this

A

teratoma

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29
Q

What cells predominate in sex cord stromal tumors

A

Granulosa cells

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30
Q

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in cows and mares

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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31
Q

T or F: ovarian granulosa cell tumors in cows and mares are typically benign

A

True

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32
Q

T or F: Ovarian granulosa cell tumors in cats and dogs are often or sometimes malignant

A

True

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33
Q

Ovarian granulosa cell tumors are often hormonally active and produce ___

A

Estrogens, testosterone, inhibin and/or AMH

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34
Q

What symptoms are seen in mares with granulosa cell tumors

A
  1. Nymphomania
  2. Stallion like behavior
  3. Anestrus
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35
Q

What is the gross appearance of granulosa cell tumors

A

Large, smooth, round to lobulated

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36
Q

Horse ovary- what type of tumor is this. Owner reports mare has been mounting other mares

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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37
Q

Ovarian Epithelial tumors are common in what species

A

Dogs

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38
Q

What is the gross appearance of epithelial tumors of ovaries

A

Large, multinodular, cystic or shaggy appearance

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39
Q

Papillary ovarian epithelial tumors predominates as ___ or ___

A

Papillary adenoma or adenocarcinoma

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40
Q

Cystic ovarian epithelial tumors predominate as ___ or ___

A

Cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas

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41
Q

What are some important sequela of ovarian epithelial tumors

A
  1. Local extension and seeding (carcinomatosis)
  2. Ascites
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42
Q

Dog ovary- what type of tumor is this

A

Cystic epithelial tumor

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43
Q

Dog ovary- what type of tumor is this

A

Papillary epithelial tumor

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44
Q

Adhesions between ovidct and ovary are common in ___

A

Beef heifers

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45
Q

What is cause of adhesion formation between oviduct and ovary

A
  1. Physical trauma from rectal palpation
  2. Ascending infection
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46
Q

Adhesion formation between oviduct and ovary result in __

A

Obstruction

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47
Q

Ovarian remnant syndrome is a complication of ___

A

OVH

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48
Q

T or F: retained piece of ovarian remnant tissue post OVH is functional

A

True

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49
Q

What are some signs of ovarian remnant syndrome

A

Recurrent estrus, vulvar swelling, nymphomania

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50
Q

What is salpingitis

A

Inflammation of uterine tube

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51
Q

What is cause of salpingitis

A

Bacteria, often related to ascending infection

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52
Q

What is pyosalpinx

A

Obstruction and dilation with suppurative inflammation of uterine tube

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53
Q

What is hydrosalpinx

A

Fluid filled uterine tube

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54
Q

What is cause of hydrosalpinx

A
  1. Obstruction
  2. Congenital or acquired- segmental aplasia, trauma
55
Q

Histo of uterus- label 1-3

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Serosa
56
Q

Which Histo shows estrus vs diestrus and how do you know

A

Left: estrus- squamous cells with little nuclei

Right: diestrus- plump nuclei with some neutrophils

57
Q

T or F: there are normal resident micro flora of uterus

A

False

58
Q

What are the anatomical/ physical barriers of uterus that protect it from infection

A
  1. Cervix
  2. Conformation of vulva and vagina
59
Q

When is cervix open

A

Estrus, parturition, post partum involuation

60
Q

Infection is more likely if vulva is ___ than pelvic canal floor

A

Higher

61
Q

How/what secretions help uterus be resistant to infection

A

Mucus, lochia- vaginal discharge after birth push contents out and prevent infection

62
Q

What antibodies are produced in uterus to help prevent infection

A

IgA and IgG

63
Q

Normal uterine leukocytosis of __helps uterus be resistant to infection

A

Estrus

64
Q

What are the 3 uterus portals of entry and which is most common

A
  1. Ascending infection through cervix (most common)
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Descending from ovary via uterine tube
65
Q

What is endometritis

A

Inflammation limited to endometrium

66
Q

What is metritis

A

Inflammation of all layers of uterine wall

67
Q

What is pyometra

A

Acute or chronic purulent infection of the uterus in which pus accumulates in the uterine cavity

68
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra

A
  1. Persistent corpus luteum
  2. High progesterone (diestrus)
  3. Increased endometrial gland activity/ cystic endometrial hyperplasia
  4. Closed cervix
  5. Colonization of uterus by bacteria
  6. Inflammation
69
Q

What is the most common bacteria to cause pyometra

A

E. Coli

70
Q

Based on the color of fluid from this pyometra what caused this

A

E. Coli

71
Q

What are some clinical signs of pyometra

A

Septicemia, endotoxemia, fever, depression, anorexia, vomiting, PU/PD, vaginal discharge

72
Q

What are some predisposing factors for bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra

A
  1. Abnormal parturition- abortion, retained placenta, dystocia
  2. Nutritional issues
  3. Contaminated calving environment
73
Q

What is pathogensis of bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra

A
  1. Abnormal parturition
  2. Uterine involution slowed
  3. Patent lumen filled with lochia and bacteria gain entrance and thrive
  4. Infection and inflammation
74
Q

What are some common bacteria retained in fetal membranes that can cause bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra

A
  1. T. Pyogenes
  2. Fusobacterium necrophorum
  3. E. Coli
75
Q

What are some possible sequela to bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra

A
  1. corpus luteum retained
  2. Septicemia
  3. Uterine vein thrombosis and embolism
76
Q

What is cause of bovine postcoital pyometra

A

Tritrichomas foetus

77
Q

bulls serve as carriers for bovine postcoital pyometra therefore one infected animal = __infection

A

Herd infection

78
Q

T or F: tritrichomonas foetus Protozoa can survive in frozen semen

A

True

79
Q

Endometritis in mares occur d/t contamination during ___ and ___

A

Parturition and coitus

80
Q

Post coital endometritis in mares usually resolves in __-__hrs

A

48-72hrs

81
Q

What bacteria is an important cause of endometritis in mares

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

82
Q

How do you grade endometritis in mares and why do you grade

A

Endometrial biopsies
Grade to assess fertility

83
Q

What is category 1 endometritis in mares

A

Normal endometrium

84
Q

What is category 2 endometritis in mares

A

Inflammation or fibrosis

85
Q

What is category 3 endometritis in mares

A

Widespread pathology that will drastically reduced fertility

86
Q

What is segmental aplasia on one uterine horn

A

Uterus unicornis

87
Q

What wrong here

A

segmental aplasia of one uterine horn- uterus unicornis

88
Q

What is hydrometra/ mucometra

A

Mucus or clear fluid in uterus

89
Q

What are some problems associate with hydrometra/ mucometra

A

Obstruction of outflow

90
Q

Endometrial polyps are common in what species

A

Dogs and cats

91
Q

Endometrial polyps often occur with ___

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

92
Q

What causes uterine torsion

A

Uterus is weighed down either d/t fetus or pyometra/ mucometra

93
Q

What species is uterine torsion common in

A

Cows

94
Q

Uterine torsion leads to ___compromise and ___

A

Circulatory, venous infarctions

95
Q

What wrong

A

Uterine torsion

96
Q

Uterine prolapse is most commonly seen in what species

A

Cows, ewe, sows

97
Q

Uterine prolapse usually occurs within __hrs post partum

A

15hrs

98
Q

What are some predisposing factors to uterine prolapse

A
  1. Prolonged dystocia
  2. Hypocalcemia
  3. Ingestion of estrogenic plants
99
Q

What is a sequela of uterine prolapse

A

Future reproductive failure

100
Q

T or F: adenocarcinomas are usually incidental in cows

A

True

101
Q

T or F: leiomyomas are benign

A

True

102
Q

What species commonly gets leiomyoma

A

Dogs

103
Q

Dog uterus, what is likely tumor dx

A

leiomyoma

104
Q

What is a common metastatic tumor of bovines that can spread to uterus as well as heart, lymph nodes and abomasum

A

Lymphoma

105
Q

What is cause of lymphoma in cows

A

Bovine leukemia virus

106
Q

Cow uterus, masses were also noted in heart, LN,. And abomasum. What is likely dx

A

lymphoma

107
Q

What is the cause of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cows

A

BHV-1

108
Q

How is BHV-1 transmitted

A

Sexual intercourse or close contact

109
Q

What is the gross appearance of vulva in cow infected with BHV-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovangitis

A
  1. Reddened vulva
  2. Vesicles and pustules
  3. Ulceration
110
Q

T or F: infectious pustular vulvovaginitis caused by BHV-1 has no effects on fertility

A

False- transient infertility

111
Q

T or F: BVH-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovaginitis can enter a carrier state

A

True

112
Q

Cow vulva after breeding with bull- what is likely cause

A

BHV-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

113
Q

What is the cause of coital exanthema

A

EHV-3

114
Q

How is coital exanthema transmitted

A

Sexual intercourse

115
Q

What is the gross appearance of coital exanthema

A
  1. Vesicles, pustules—> ulcers around perineum and vulva
  2. Healing lesions- depigmentation
  3. Scars persist
116
Q

What secondary infection is common with coital exanthema

A

Streptococcus

117
Q

T or f: once mare or stallion heals form coital exanthema they stop shedding virus

A

True

118
Q

Horse vulva after breeding with stallion- what is wrong and what is cause

A

Coital exanthema
Cause: EHV-3

119
Q

Who is most commonly affected by myoctoxicosis

A

Prepubertal gilts after first estrus

120
Q

What does mycotoxicosis cause in sexually mature sows

A
  1. Inhibits FSH—> follicular arrest
  2. Retention of CL and prolonged anestrus
  3. Prevent implantation and cause early embryonic death
121
Q

What is the cause of mycotoxicosis

A

Feeding moldy grains containing fusarium

122
Q

What is the mycotoxin associated with mycotoxicosis

A

Zearalenone- estrogen is

123
Q

What species typically get Transmissble venereal tumor

A

Canines

124
Q

How is transmissible venereal tumor transmitted

A

During coitus

125
Q

What type of cell tumor is transmissible venereal tumor

A

Round cell tumor

126
Q

What is the gross appearance of transmissible venereal tumor

A
  1. Mass in dorsal wall of vagina—> protrude through vulva
  2. Friable, ulcerated
  3. Pedunculated, modular, papillary or multilobulated
127
Q

What are some cytology results for transmissible venereal tumor

A
  1. Round cells
  2. Pale-blue cytoplasm
  3. Small cytoplasmic vacuoles
128
Q

What type of tumor is this

A

transmissible venereal tumor

129
Q

What is the most common Müllerian anomaly where fluid accumulates

A

Imperforate/ persistent hymen

130
Q

Pseudopregnancy is associated with what hormones

A

Prolactin and progesterone

131
Q

What are some clinical signs of pseudopregnancy

A

Mammary development, lactation, maternal behavior, endometrial hyperplasia at placental sites

132
Q

Pseudopregnancy is common in ___at end of diestrus

A

Bitches

133
Q

When does vaginal prolapse occur in dogs

A

During proestrus and estrus

134
Q

When does bovine vaginal prolapse occur and what is cause

A

Occurs late gestation
Hereditary component

Pathology I (23 decks)

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