Lecture 7: Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia Flashcards
Identify the cell and tissue changes
top: metaplasia: change from cuboidal to different cells, but all the different cells are similar to each other
Bottom: dysplasia: change from cuboidal cells to different types, and they don’t all look the same
What are the preneoplastic changes in cell and tissues
metaplasia, dysplasia
T of F: preneoplastic changes to metaplasia and dysplasia damage basement membrane
False
T of F: neoplastic changes break basement membrane
True
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible
Reversible
What is metaplasia
Reversible exchange within a tissue of one mature cell type (differentiated adult cells) from another mature cell type
Requires reprogramming or reserve cells (stem cells)
What are some examples of causes that can result in metaplasia
- Vitamin A deficiency
- Chronic pyometra
What cellular metaplasia changes are noted in vitamin A deficiency
Columnar or cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium
What are the cellular metaplasia changes noted in chronic pyometra
Squamous metaplasia
What tissue? Which is normal or abnormal and how can you tell?
Showing change from normal to epithelial metaplasia
Left: normal trachea
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Normal: polarity is oriented, perpendicular to basement membrane, cilia present
Right: squamous metaplasia, stratified squamous epithelium
Abnormal: polarity is disorganized, lack of columnar appearance. No cilia. Lamina propria has more collagen fibers
What is going on here
Showing change from normal fibrous tissue to irregular trabeculae of woven bone and multi ocular cartilage: mesenchymal metaplasia
Small blue box: fibrous tissue
Larger box: irregular trabeculae of wove bone and multi nodular cartilage
What happened here and what stain is used
Myxomatous metaplasia, transition from normal mitral valve to myxomatous metaplasia due to heart failure
Stain: alcian blue stain
What stain is used for myxomatous metaplasia
Alcian blue stain
What is dysplasia
Typical differentiation, disorderly arrangement, partially reversible, develops at site of chronic inflammation
What are the features of dysplasia
- Increased variation in cell size and shape
- Increased nuclear size: increase nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
- Increased and abnormal mitosis
- Disorganized arrangement of cells
What is happening here
Left: epidermal hyperplasia
Right: epidermal dysplasia
Identify which image shows dysplasia and which shows invasive carcinoma
Left: dysplasia- not through basement membrane
Right: invasive carcinoma- through basement membrane
What are some extrinsic factors that predispose or influence neoplastic formation
Pigmentation, sex and age, UV radiation, metabolic activation, environmental exposures, chemical carcinogens, hormones, trauma and chronic inflammation, immune incompetence
What are some viral and other infectious pathogens that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation
Retroviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, hepadnaviruses, spurocera lupi
What are some intrinsic factors that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation
Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, mutation, heritability
What is wrong here and what is yellow arrow pointing to
Bovine Lymphosarcoma caused by bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus)
Spleen: splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma
Arrow: all white pulp tumors
What can cause bovine lymphosarcoma
Bovine leukemia viruses (retrovirus)
What is the stepwise tumor development
- Normal
- Initiation- genetic irreversible
- Initiated cell
- Promoted- non-genetic, reversible
- Preneoplastic lesion/benign tumor
- Progression- genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible
- Malignant tumor
What occurs in initiation phase of neoplastic transformation and is it reversible or irreversible
Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population- basal cells
Initiated cell has mutation, DNA damage but still appears normal
T or F: at least a single round of DNA replication is necessary for fixation of the genetic change to occur
True
Is promotion step in neoplastic transformation reversible or irreversible
Reversible
What happens during promotion step in neoplastic transformation
Create an environment that gives initiated cells a growth advantage (due to their mutation) over rest of population, promote cell proliferation
T or F: promotion phase effects DNA directly
False
Is progression stage irreversible or reversible for neoplastic progression
Both
What happens in progression phase of neoplastic transformation
Conversion of benign tumor to an increasingly malignant tumor and ultimately to a metastatic tumor
Pr,one their own blood supply, proliferating, detaching and moving to distant sites
What are the three heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis
- DNA mutations
- epigenetic changes
- Chromosomal alterations
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are DNA mutations
Point mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, amplification, gene conversion
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are epigenetic changes
DNA methylation, imprinting, histone methylation, histone aceytlation
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are chromosomal alterations
Duplication, deletion, translocation, inversion