Lecture 7: Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia Flashcards
Identify the cell and tissue changes
top: metaplasia: change from cuboidal to different cells, but all the different cells are similar to each other
Bottom: dysplasia: change from cuboidal cells to different types, and they don’t all look the same
What are the preneoplastic changes in cell and tissues
metaplasia, dysplasia
T of F: preneoplastic changes to metaplasia and dysplasia damage basement membrane
False
T of F: neoplastic changes break basement membrane
True
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible
Reversible
What is metaplasia
Reversible exchange within a tissue of one mature cell type (differentiated adult cells) from another mature cell type
Requires reprogramming or reserve cells (stem cells)
What are some examples of causes that can result in metaplasia
- Vitamin A deficiency
- Chronic pyometra
What cellular metaplasia changes are noted in vitamin A deficiency
Columnar or cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium
What are the cellular metaplasia changes noted in chronic pyometra
Squamous metaplasia
What tissue? Which is normal or abnormal and how can you tell?
Showing change from normal to epithelial metaplasia
Left: normal trachea
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Normal: polarity is oriented, perpendicular to basement membrane, cilia present
Right: squamous metaplasia, stratified squamous epithelium
Abnormal: polarity is disorganized, lack of columnar appearance. No cilia. Lamina propria has more collagen fibers
What is going on here
Showing change from normal fibrous tissue to irregular trabeculae of woven bone and multi ocular cartilage: mesenchymal metaplasia
Small blue box: fibrous tissue
Larger box: irregular trabeculae of wove bone and multi nodular cartilage
What happened here and what stain is used
Myxomatous metaplasia, transition from normal mitral valve to myxomatous metaplasia due to heart failure
Stain: alcian blue stain
What stain is used for myxomatous metaplasia
Alcian blue stain
What is dysplasia
Typical differentiation, disorderly arrangement, partially reversible, develops at site of chronic inflammation
What are the features of dysplasia
- Increased variation in cell size and shape
- Increased nuclear size: increase nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
- Increased and abnormal mitosis
- Disorganized arrangement of cells
What is happening here
Left: epidermal hyperplasia
Right: epidermal dysplasia
Identify which image shows dysplasia and which shows invasive carcinoma
Left: dysplasia- not through basement membrane
Right: invasive carcinoma- through basement membrane
What are some extrinsic factors that predispose or influence neoplastic formation
Pigmentation, sex and age, UV radiation, metabolic activation, environmental exposures, chemical carcinogens, hormones, trauma and chronic inflammation, immune incompetence
What are some viral and other infectious pathogens that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation
Retroviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, hepadnaviruses, spurocera lupi
What are some intrinsic factors that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation
Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, mutation, heritability
What is wrong here and what is yellow arrow pointing to
Bovine Lymphosarcoma caused by bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus)
Spleen: splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma
Arrow: all white pulp tumors
What can cause bovine lymphosarcoma
Bovine leukemia viruses (retrovirus)
What is the stepwise tumor development
- Normal
- Initiation- genetic irreversible
- Initiated cell
- Promoted- non-genetic, reversible
- Preneoplastic lesion/benign tumor
- Progression- genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible
- Malignant tumor
What occurs in initiation phase of neoplastic transformation and is it reversible or irreversible
Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population- basal cells
Initiated cell has mutation, DNA damage but still appears normal
T or F: at least a single round of DNA replication is necessary for fixation of the genetic change to occur
True
Is promotion step in neoplastic transformation reversible or irreversible
Reversible
What happens during promotion step in neoplastic transformation
Create an environment that gives initiated cells a growth advantage (due to their mutation) over rest of population, promote cell proliferation
T or F: promotion phase effects DNA directly
False
Is progression stage irreversible or reversible for neoplastic progression
Both
What happens in progression phase of neoplastic transformation
Conversion of benign tumor to an increasingly malignant tumor and ultimately to a metastatic tumor
Pr,one their own blood supply, proliferating, detaching and moving to distant sites
What are the three heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis
- DNA mutations
- epigenetic changes
- Chromosomal alterations
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are DNA mutations
Point mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, amplification, gene conversion
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are epigenetic changes
DNA methylation, imprinting, histone methylation, histone aceytlation
What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are chromosomal alterations
Duplication, deletion, translocation, inversion
What are 2 characteristics of neoplasia
- Loss of function or unregulated function
- Genomic instability
What are some examples of loss of function or unregulated function
- Multiple myeloma cells overproduce some forms of Ig’s
- Pulmonary carcinoma tissue that fails to exchange oxygen
What are some examples of genomic instability characteristic of neoplasia
Long, unstable telomeres, DNA damage fails to trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms fail, increase rate of gene alteration
What do benign tumors end in
“Oma”
What do malignant tumors of epithelial origin end in
Carcinoma
What do malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin end in
Sarcoma
Which is benign vs malignant and what kind of tumor?
left: fibroma- benign- primarily composed of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable from normal fibroblasts
Right: fibrosarcoma: composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump, elongated nuclei and moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, mature collagen is sparse to absent
Carcinoma or sarcoma
Carcinoma- cohesive cells
Carcinoma or sarcoma
sarcoma: spindle shaped
What is the nomenclature for a benign glandular epithelium tumor
Adenoma
What is nomenclature for malignant glandular epithelium tumor
Adenocarcinoma
What is the nomenclature for a benign squamous epithelium tumor
Papilloma
What is the nomenclature for a malignant squamous epithelium tumor
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the nomenclature for a benign liver tumor
Hepatoma
What is nomenclature for malignant liver tumor
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What is nomenclature for a benign skeletal muscle tumor
Rhabdomyoma
What is nomenclature for a malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is nomenclature for a benign smooth muscle tumor
Leiomyoma
What is nomenclature for a malignant smooth muscle tumor
Leiomyosarcoma
What is nomenclature for a benign bone tumor
Osteoma
What is nomenclature for a malignant bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
What kind of tumor is this
Adenocarcinoma
What kind of tumor is this
Osteosarcoma
Are round cell tumors epithelial or mesenchymal
Mesenchymal
What is the name for a malignant lymphocyte tumor
Lymphoma or lymphosarcoma
What is the name for a benign plasma cell tumor
Plasma cell tumor or plasmocytoma
What is the name for a malignant plasma cell tumor
Multiple myeloma
What is the name for a benign histiocyte (macrophage)
Histioctytoma
What is the name for a malignant histiocyte (macrophage)
Histiocytic sarcoma
What is the name for a benign MCT
MCT low grade
What is the name for a malignant MCT
MCT high grade
Identify the types of tumors
all: round cell tumors
Upper left: plasmoctyoma
Bottom left: lymphoma
Upper right: histiocytoma
Bottom right: MCT
What is an astrocyte tumor
Astrocytoma
What is an oligodendrocyte tumor
Oligodendroglioma
What does hamartoma mean
Tumor like lesion that is disorganized, mature tissue in normal location
What does Choristoma mean
Tumor like lesion, disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location
What type of tumor is this
Oligodendroglioma
Provide descriptive terms for 1-3
- Penduculated/poylpoid
- Papillary
- Ulcerated
What kind of tumor is this
papilloma
Provide the descriptive term for 1-3
- Sessile
- Annular
- Fungating
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it
sheets- common in round cell tumors (lymphoma, plasmocytoma, histioctyoma, MCT)
What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it
packets- common in neuroendocrine tumors (phreochromoctyoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumor)
What type of tumor is this?
lymphoma
What type of tumor is this?
chemodectoma
What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in
nests- common in invasive carcinomas
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in
cords common in epithelial tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in
Lobules common in some epithelial tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in
Acinar- common in glandular epithelial tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in
tubules- common in glandular epithelial tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in
cystic common in glandular tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in
Whorls- common in mesenchymal CT tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what type of tumor is it commonly found in
Papillary found in glandular tumors
What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it commonly found in
bundles found in mesenchymal tumors
