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Pathology I > Lecture 7: Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the cell and tissue changes

A

top: metaplasia: change from cuboidal to different cells, but all the different cells are similar to each other

Bottom: dysplasia: change from cuboidal cells to different types, and they don’t all look the same

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2
Q

What are the preneoplastic changes in cell and tissues

A

metaplasia, dysplasia

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3
Q

T of F: preneoplastic changes to metaplasia and dysplasia damage basement membrane

A

False

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4
Q

T of F: neoplastic changes break basement membrane

A

True

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5
Q

Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible

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6
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Reversible exchange within a tissue of one mature cell type (differentiated adult cells) from another mature cell type

Requires reprogramming or reserve cells (stem cells)

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7
Q

What are some examples of causes that can result in metaplasia

A
  1. Vitamin A deficiency
  2. Chronic pyometra
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8
Q

What cellular metaplasia changes are noted in vitamin A deficiency

A

Columnar or cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What are the cellular metaplasia changes noted in chronic pyometra

A

Squamous metaplasia

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10
Q

What tissue? Which is normal or abnormal and how can you tell?

A

Showing change from normal to epithelial metaplasia

Left: normal trachea
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Normal: polarity is oriented, perpendicular to basement membrane, cilia present

Right: squamous metaplasia, stratified squamous epithelium

Abnormal: polarity is disorganized, lack of columnar appearance. No cilia. Lamina propria has more collagen fibers

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11
Q

What is going on here

A

Showing change from normal fibrous tissue to irregular trabeculae of woven bone and multi ocular cartilage: mesenchymal metaplasia

Small blue box: fibrous tissue
Larger box: irregular trabeculae of wove bone and multi nodular cartilage

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12
Q

What happened here and what stain is used

A

Myxomatous metaplasia, transition from normal mitral valve to myxomatous metaplasia due to heart failure

Stain: alcian blue stain

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13
Q

What stain is used for myxomatous metaplasia

A

Alcian blue stain

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14
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Typical differentiation, disorderly arrangement, partially reversible, develops at site of chronic inflammation

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15
Q

What are the features of dysplasia

A
  1. Increased variation in cell size and shape
  2. Increased nuclear size: increase nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
  3. Increased and abnormal mitosis
  4. Disorganized arrangement of cells
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16
Q

What is happening here

A

Left: epidermal hyperplasia
Right: epidermal dysplasia

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17
Q

Identify which image shows dysplasia and which shows invasive carcinoma

A

Left: dysplasia- not through basement membrane
Right: invasive carcinoma- through basement membrane

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18
Q

What are some extrinsic factors that predispose or influence neoplastic formation

A

Pigmentation, sex and age, UV radiation, metabolic activation, environmental exposures, chemical carcinogens, hormones, trauma and chronic inflammation, immune incompetence

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19
Q

What are some viral and other infectious pathogens that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation

A

Retroviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, hepadnaviruses, spurocera lupi

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20
Q

What are some intrinsic factors that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation

A

Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, mutation, heritability

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21
Q

What is wrong here and what is yellow arrow pointing to

A

Bovine Lymphosarcoma caused by bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus)
Spleen: splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma
Arrow: all white pulp tumors

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22
Q

What can cause bovine lymphosarcoma

A

Bovine leukemia viruses (retrovirus)

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23
Q

What is the stepwise tumor development

A
  1. Normal
  2. Initiation- genetic irreversible
  3. Initiated cell
  4. Promoted- non-genetic, reversible
  5. Preneoplastic lesion/benign tumor
  6. Progression- genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible
  7. Malignant tumor
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24
Q

What occurs in initiation phase of neoplastic transformation and is it reversible or irreversible

A

Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population- basal cells

Initiated cell has mutation, DNA damage but still appears normal

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25
Q

T or F: at least a single round of DNA replication is necessary for fixation of the genetic change to occur

A

True

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26
Q

Is promotion step in neoplastic transformation reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible

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27
Q

What happens during promotion step in neoplastic transformation

A

Create an environment that gives initiated cells a growth advantage (due to their mutation) over rest of population, promote cell proliferation

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28
Q

T or F: promotion phase effects DNA directly

A

False

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29
Q

Is progression stage irreversible or reversible for neoplastic progression

A

Both

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30
Q

What happens in progression phase of neoplastic transformation

A

Conversion of benign tumor to an increasingly malignant tumor and ultimately to a metastatic tumor

Pr,one their own blood supply, proliferating, detaching and moving to distant sites

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31
Q

What are the three heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis

A
  1. DNA mutations
  2. epigenetic changes
  3. Chromosomal alterations
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32
Q

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are DNA mutations

A

Point mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, amplification, gene conversion

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33
Q

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are epigenetic changes

A

DNA methylation, imprinting, histone methylation, histone aceytlation

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34
Q

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are chromosomal alterations

A

Duplication, deletion, translocation, inversion

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35
Q

What are 2 characteristics of neoplasia

A
  1. Loss of function or unregulated function
  2. Genomic instability
36
Q

What are some examples of loss of function or unregulated function

A
  1. Multiple myeloma cells overproduce some forms of Ig’s
  2. Pulmonary carcinoma tissue that fails to exchange oxygen
37
Q

What are some examples of genomic instability characteristic of neoplasia

A

Long, unstable telomeres, DNA damage fails to trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms fail, increase rate of gene alteration

38
Q

What do benign tumors end in

A

“Oma”

39
Q

What do malignant tumors of epithelial origin end in

A

Carcinoma

40
Q

What do malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin end in

A

Sarcoma

41
Q

Which is benign vs malignant and what kind of tumor?

A

left: fibroma- benign- primarily composed of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable from normal fibroblasts

Right: fibrosarcoma: composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump, elongated nuclei and moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, mature collagen is sparse to absent

42
Q

Carcinoma or sarcoma

A

Carcinoma- cohesive cells

43
Q

Carcinoma or sarcoma

A

sarcoma: spindle shaped

44
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign glandular epithelium tumor

A

Adenoma

45
Q

What is nomenclature for malignant glandular epithelium tumor

A

Adenocarcinoma

46
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign squamous epithelium tumor

A

Papilloma

47
Q

What is the nomenclature for a malignant squamous epithelium tumor

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

48
Q

What is the nomenclature for a benign liver tumor

A

Hepatoma

49
Q

What is nomenclature for malignant liver tumor

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

50
Q

What is nomenclature for a benign skeletal muscle tumor

A

Rhabdomyoma

51
Q

What is nomenclature for a malignant skeletal muscle tumor

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

52
Q

What is nomenclature for a benign smooth muscle tumor

A

Leiomyoma

53
Q

What is nomenclature for a malignant smooth muscle tumor

A

Leiomyosarcoma

54
Q

What is nomenclature for a benign bone tumor

A

Osteoma

55
Q

What is nomenclature for a malignant bone tumor

A

Osteosarcoma

56
Q

What kind of tumor is this

A

Adenocarcinoma

57
Q

What kind of tumor is this

A

Osteosarcoma

58
Q

Are round cell tumors epithelial or mesenchymal

A

Mesenchymal

59
Q

What is the name for a malignant lymphocyte tumor

A

Lymphoma or lymphosarcoma

60
Q

What is the name for a benign plasma cell tumor

A

Plasma cell tumor or plasmocytoma

61
Q

What is the name for a malignant plasma cell tumor

A

Multiple myeloma

62
Q

What is the name for a benign histiocyte (macrophage)

A

Histioctytoma

63
Q

What is the name for a malignant histiocyte (macrophage)

A

Histiocytic sarcoma

64
Q

What is the name for a benign MCT

A

MCT low grade

65
Q

What is the name for a malignant MCT

A

MCT high grade

66
Q

Identify the types of tumors

A

all: round cell tumors
Upper left: plasmoctyoma
Bottom left: lymphoma
Upper right: histiocytoma
Bottom right: MCT

67
Q

What is an astrocyte tumor

A

Astrocytoma

68
Q

What is an oligodendrocyte tumor

A

Oligodendroglioma

69
Q

What does hamartoma mean

A

Tumor like lesion that is disorganized, mature tissue in normal location

70
Q

What does Choristoma mean

A

Tumor like lesion, disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location

71
Q

What type of tumor is this

A

Oligodendroglioma

72
Q

Provide descriptive terms for 1-3

A
  1. Penduculated/poylpoid
  2. Papillary
  3. Ulcerated
73
Q

What kind of tumor is this

A

papilloma

74
Q

Provide the descriptive term for 1-3

A
  1. Sessile
  2. Annular
  3. Fungating
75
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it

A

sheets- common in round cell tumors (lymphoma, plasmocytoma, histioctyoma, MCT)

76
Q

What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it

A

packets- common in neuroendocrine tumors (phreochromoctyoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumor)

77
Q

What type of tumor is this?

A

lymphoma

78
Q

What type of tumor is this?

A

chemodectoma

79
Q

What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

A

nests- common in invasive carcinomas

80
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

A

cords common in epithelial tumors

81
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

A

Lobules common in some epithelial tumors

82
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

A

Acinar- common in glandular epithelial tumors

83
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

A

tubules- common in glandular epithelial tumors

84
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

A

cystic common in glandular tumors

85
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

A

Whorls- common in mesenchymal CT tumors

86
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what type of tumor is it commonly found in

A

Papillary found in glandular tumors

87
Q

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it commonly found in

A

bundles found in mesenchymal tumors

Pathology I (11 decks)

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