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Pathology I > Respiratory Pathology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the anatomic division of upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract anatomic division

A

Trachea and lungs

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3
Q

What is included in the conducting functional division of respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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4
Q

What is included in the transitional function division of respiratory tract

A

Bronchioles

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5
Q

What is included in the exchange functional division of respiratory tract

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

Identify 1-2

A
  1. Bone- nasal turbinates
  2. Cartilage- nasal septum
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7
Q

What epithelium lines the conducting portion

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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8
Q

What physical barriers act as defense systems in conducting portion of respiratory system

A
  1. Nasal turbinates
  2. Bifurcation of trachea and bronchioles
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9
Q

How do the bony nasal turbinates act as defense system

A

Narrow, convoluted structures that cause turbulent airflow and increase surface area for foreign body debris to get trapped

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10
Q

How does the bifurcation of the trachea act as defense

A

Cause turbulence in air so traps debris

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11
Q

How does the normal bacteria flora defend the respiratory system

A

Outcompete the pathogens

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of clearance

A

Coughing, sneezing, phagocytosis, mucociliary apparatus

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13
Q

How does the mucociliary apparatus/transport work

A

Particles get entrapped in mucous and movement up the mucociliary apparatus—> swallowed and coughed out

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14
Q

Cells in nose, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles secrete ___ and mucus entrap/neutralize pathogens to make them less apt to cause disease

A

Antimicrobial products- lysozyme, antibodies

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15
Q

What is the function of BALT

A

Antigen presenting cells in region phagocytose and transport particles to BALT- lymphoid structures

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16
Q

what is circled in red

A

BALT

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17
Q

___ infections are primary infections that predispose to secondary ___infections

A

Viral, bacterial

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18
Q

What is the most common route of entry into the respiratory tract

A

Aerogenous (inspired air)

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19
Q

What are the 3 possible routes of entry into the respiratory tract

A
  1. Aerogenous
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Direct extension
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20
Q

What is palatoschisis

A

Cleft palate

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21
Q

Palatoschisis is common in what species

A

Dogs and cattle

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22
Q

What is the gross appearance of palatoschisis

A

Communication between oral and nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is common sequela of palatoschisis

A

Aspiration

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24
Q

What is choanal atresia

A

Lack of nasal turbinates and a bone or membrane obstructing the airflow into the nasopharynx so no breathing through nose

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25
Q

What species is choanal atresia common in

A

Alpacas/llamas

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26
Q

How is a choana

A

Opening between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

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27
Q

What is a common sequela of choanal atresia

A

Aspiration

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28
Q

What is ciliary dyskinesia

A

Malformed, poor functioning cilia so not moving properly, mucociliary apparatus not working so problem with clearance

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29
Q

What species is ciliary dyskinesia common in

A

Dogs

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30
Q

what is wrong

A

Palatoschisis- cleft palate

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31
Q

What is wrong

A

Choanal atresia

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32
Q

What are the 4 features of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  1. Hypoplastic trachea
  2. Elongated soft palate- occluded larynx
  3. Everted laryngeal saccules
  4. Stenotic nares
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33
Q

What are some sequela from brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

Exercise intolerance, cyanosis, collapse

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34
Q

what is wrong here

A

Elongated soft palate, over epiglottis, occluding larynx

35
Q

what wrong here

A

Everted laryngeal saccules

36
Q

what is wrong here

A

Hypoplastic trachea (tongue much bigger than tiny trachea)
Widening of cartilaginous rings

37
Q

Inflammation of nasal mucosa ___

A

Rhinitis

38
Q

Inflammation of guttural pouch

A

Eustachitis

39
Q

Bleeding from the nose

A

Epistaxis

40
Q

Coughing up blood

A

Hemoptysis

41
Q

Accumulation of pus within the guttural pouch

A

Empyema

42
Q

How does serous discharge appear and what is it due to

A

Thin, clear, watery
Mild irritation- hyperactive submucosal glands
Typically d/t allergic reactions and viruses

43
Q

What is the appearance of catarrhal (mucoid) discharge and what are some causes

A

Thick but clear, chronic irritation, moderate injury—> goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosal glandular hypersecretion

Viruses or allergic reactions

44
Q

What is the appearance of Fibrinous discharge and what are some causes

A

Tan, stringy fibrillary material on mucosa

Severe tissue injury causing fibrinogen to leak from nasal blood vessels

D/t: toxicity, infectious agents, fungal, bacterial

45
Q

What is the appearance of purulent/suppurative discharge and what are some causes

A

Thick, yellow, opaque
Infections with pyogenic organisms/bacteria, accumulation of neutrophils

Suppurative bacteria

46
Q

What is the appearance of granulomatous discharge and causes

A

Nodular, more space occupying

Chronic inflammation with pathogens that are resistant to phagocytosis—> accumulation of macrophages/ lymphocytes/ plasma cells and fibrous connective tissue

Typically fungal

47
Q

What kind of discharge, what is primary and secondary causes

A

Mucopurulent discharge
Cause: viral infection (ex: canine distemper) and secondary bacterial infection

48
Q

Canine respiratory disease complex often starts with ___infections

A

Primary viral infections

49
Q

What is the most common viral infection causing canine respiratory disease complex

A

Canine distemper virus

50
Q

Viral rhinitis often become secondarily infected with ___

A

Bacteria

51
Q

What are the two common secondary bacterial infections from canine distemper

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica and pasturella multocida

52
Q

What is the fungal cause in dogs with canine respiratory disease complex

A

Aspergillus spp

53
Q

What are the multifactorial causes of canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)

A

Crowding/mixing of dogs, poor ventilation and environmental/ nutritional stressors

54
Q

Canine infectious treacheobronchitis (kennel cough) predisposes to infection with ___

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

55
Q

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis results in what

A

Suppurative to mucopurlent rhinitis—> tracheitis with cough that is exacerbated with exercise—> can progress to bronchopneumonia

56
Q

What does the cough sound like with canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

Goose honk cough

57
Q

What breeds is aspergillus common in

A

German shepherds or other dolicheocephalic breeds

58
Q

What aspergillus spp is most common

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

59
Q

What does this show

A

aspergillus

60
Q

What are the top viral causes of feline respiratory disease complex/ feline rhinitis and conjunctivitis

A
  1. Feline calicivirus
  2. Feline infectious rhinotrachetitis (feline herpesvirus)
61
Q

What are the secondary bacterial causes of feline respiratory disease complex

A
  1. Mycoplasma felis
  2. Chlamydophilia felis
62
Q

What is the fungal cause in feline respiratory disease complex

A

Cryptococcus spp

63
Q

what virus in feline respiratory disease complex is this seen in

A

Feline calicivirus- oral ulceration

64
Q

T or F: oral ulcers are pathognomonic with feline calicivirus

A

False

65
Q

what virus in feline respiratory disease complex is this typical of

A

Feline herpesvirus 1
Dendritic ulcerations in eye

66
Q

T or F: dendritic ulcerations are pathognomonic for feline herpesvirus

A

True

67
Q

What does this show and what stain is used in right photo

A

cryptococcus neoformans/C gatti
Stain: Mucicarmine stain

68
Q

These two signs are typical of what cause in feline respiratory disease complex

A

Cryptococcus neoformans/ C gatti

69
Q

What virus likely caused this

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus 1)

70
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with IBR

A

Hyperemia and necrosis

71
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is associated with ___environments

A

Crowded

72
Q

IBR is synergistic with ___

A

Mannheim is haemolytica

73
Q

What is cause of Atrophic rhinitis

A

Co infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic strains of pasteurella multocida

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis

A

Sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, nasal deviation

75
Q

What is the pathogensis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs

A

Co infection—> inhibits osteoblasts and increased osteoclast activity—> osteopenia, atrophy, and loss of nasal conchae—> septal deviation and facial deformity

76
Q

What is wrong here

A

atrophic rhinitis

77
Q

What parasite invades nasal cavity in sheep

A

Oestrus Ovid

78
Q

What parasite infects the nasal cavity and trachea of cats

A

Cuterebra spp

79
Q

What is wrong here

A

parasitic rhinitis via Cuterebra spp

80
Q

What are some common sequela of rhinitis

A

Sinusitis, otitis, pharyngitis, lymphadentitis, meningitis, guttural pouch infections

81
Q

Sinusitis is a sequela to __

A

Upper respiratory infections

82
Q

What are some common causes of sinusitis

A
  1. Dehorning complication
  2. Periodontitis/ tooth root abscess
83
Q

Why do you dehorn young cows vs old to prevent sinusitis

A

Young cows the horn bud does not communicate with sinuses but adult cows the horn directly communicates with sinuses so can result in sinusitis

Pathology I (23 decks)

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