respiratory infections Flashcards
what causes respiratory infections how do we acquire them
animal resevoir
humans
environment
what pathogens can cause respiratory infections
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
list pathogens in order of size smallest to largest
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths
what makes up the upper respiratory system what features
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx
what makes up lower respiratroy system
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
what physical defences are within the respiratory tract
epithelial cells
mucus
cillia
cough reflex
anatomical barriers epiglottis
mucociliary escalator
what innate immunity defences do we have
alveolar macrophages
polymorphonuclear leucocytes
complement
dendritic cells
natural killer cells
antimicrobial peptides
pathogen pattern
recognition receptors PRRS
what pathogen causes 40-80% of pharyngitis cases
viruses
rhinovirus
adenovirus
coxsackie
ebv
cmv
orthomyxovirus
what pathogen causes 15-30% pharyngitis cases
group A streptococci
group c g and f streptococci
arcanobacterium
m pneumoniae
c pneumoniae
neisseria gonorrhoeae
fusobacterium necrophorum
c diptheria
what pathogen causes a small percentage of pharyngitis cases
fungi
candida albicans
what is the treatment for group a streptococci pharyngitis
mild to moderate: oral penicillin V, erythromycin
severe IV antibiotics +- steroids
what are the complications of GAS pharyngitis
group a streptococcocus pharyngitis
airway obstruction
epiglottitis
acute glomerulonephritis
peritonsillar abcess
toxic shock syndrome
scarlet fever
what is the difference between stridor and wheezing
stridor- in upper airways, trachea larynx
what is laryngotracheobronchitis croup
inflammation to bronchioles, trachea, and larynx leads to upper airway resistance
what is management of croup
oxygen
corticosteroids-dexamethasone and budesonide
nebulised adrenaline
supportive care-hydration
anti pyretics- reduce fever by inhibiting prostaglandin production through blocking cox enzymes
