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acid base balance Flashcards

1
Q

acids release what type of ions

A

h+ ions

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2
Q

bases accept what type of ions

A

h+ ions

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3
Q

what does acidity refer to

A

the amount of unbound h+

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4
Q

what form are volatile acids in inside the lung

A

gaseous form and can be removed by lungs

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5
Q

what organs non volatile (fixed) acids removed by

A

kidneys

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6
Q

how do strong acids dissociate

A

fully

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7
Q

how do weak acids dissociate

A

partially

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8
Q

what does changing the ph interfere with

A

enzymatic activity

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9
Q

what is the optimum ph margin

A

7.35-7.45

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10
Q

below what ph would be acidosis

A

7.35

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11
Q

above what ph would be alkalosis

A

7.45

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12
Q

how do buffer systems resist changes in ph

A

reversibly bind h+

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13
Q

what are the two main intracellular buffers

A

phosphate and protein

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14
Q

what is the main blood/extracellular buffer

A

hco3-

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15
Q

what does pka of a buffer mean

A

the ph that it works best at

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16
Q

why is the henderson-hasselbach equation important

A

describes the relationship between ph and the buffer system and explains why its a good buffer

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17
Q

what are the four types of acidosis and alkalosis

A

respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

18
Q

explain respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation
pco2 rises
hco3-/po2 ratio falls
ph falls below 7.35
kidney reabsorbs hco3-
hco3-/pco2 ratio normalises with a base excess
compensated respiratory acidosis

19
Q

explain respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation
pco2 falls
hco3-/po2 ratio rises
ph rises above 7.45
kidney excretes hco3-
hco3-/po2 ratio normalises when there is a base deficit
compensated respiratory alkalosis

20
Q

explain metabolic acidosis

A

tissue hypoxia/ketoacids
hco3- falls
hco3- falls
hco3-/pco2 ratio falls
ph falls
increase in ventilation lowers pco2
hco3-/po2 ratio normalises with a base deficiet
compensated metabolic acidosis

21
Q

explain metabolic alkalosis

A

excessive ingestion of alkalis/loss of gastric acid
mild hypoventilation increases pco2
hco3- increases
hco3-/pco2 ratio increases
ph above 7.45
hco3-/po2 ratio semi normalises with base excess
partially compensated metabolic alkalosis

22
Q

what is the simplified henderson hasselbach equation

A

ph=constant+kidney/lungs

23
Q

how many ways can acid base ratio be disturbed

A

4
increased pco2 and decreased hco3-
increased hco3- and decreased pco2
decreased hco3-
decreased pco2 and increased hco3-

24
Q

what is the henderson hasselbalch equation

A

ph=pk+log (hco3-/co2)

25
Q

what is the normal value for the ph range

A

7.35-7.45

26
Q

what is a volatile acid

A

acids that can be exhaled from the body as gas
example- carbonic acid h2co3
produced from metabolism of carbohydrates,fats, proteins resulting in the formation of co2 which combines with water to form carbonic acid
volatile acids are regulated by respiratory control

27
Q

what is a fixed acid

A

acids that cannot be exhaled and must be excreted by kidneys
example sulfuric acid h2so4
phosphoric acid h3po4 from metabolism of phospholipids and nucleic acids
lactic acid (anaerobic conditions)
ketoacids
source- generated from normal or pathological metabolic processes
elimination- excreted by kidneys as part of urine excreted as ammonium
fixed acids are regulated more slowly than volatile acids and their accumulation can lead to metabolic acidosis.

28
Q

what is a buffer

A

a buffer is a solution that resists changes in ph when a small amount of acid or alkali is added. buffers help maintain a stable ph by neutralising added hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions through chemical reactions
made of a weak acid and its conjugate base (eg acetic acid and acetate)
or a weak base and its conjugate acid ammonia and ammonium

29
Q

what are the four types of acid base imbalances

A

respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis

30
Q

what causes respiratory alkalosis

A

panic attack
high altitude
pulmonary embolism
drug overdose salicylates

31
Q

what conditions cause respiratory acidosis

A

airway obstruction
acute chronic diseases
lung diseases
sedatives opiods
stroke
trauma and obesity

32
Q

acidosis definition

A

ph is below 7.35
pco2 is higher than 35-45
hco3- are lower than 22-26

33
Q

alkalosis definition

A

ph is above 7.45

34
Q

acidosis definition

A

ph is below 7.35

35
Q

respiratory acidosis definition

A

ph is below 7.35
hypoventilation- respiratory rate depth decreases
pco2- higher than 45mmhg
hco3- normal within 22-26 meQl

36
Q

respiratory alkalosis definition

A

ph is above 7.45
hyperventilation- respiratory rate increases depth increases
pco2- lower tha 35mmhg
hco3- within normal 22-26 meql

37
Q

metabolic acidosis definition

A

ph is below 7.35
hyperventilation
pco2- normal within 35-45mmhg
hco3- lower than 22 meql

38
Q

metabolic alkalosis definition

A

ph is above 7.45
hypoventilation
pco2- normal within 35-45mmhg
hco3- higher than 26 meql

39
Q

what compensates for the H+ disturbance of metabolic region

A

lungs compensate for it

40
Q

what compensates for the H+ disturbance of the respiratory region

A

kidneys

41
Q
A

cb (24 decks)

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