acid base balance

Question 1

acids release what type of ions

Answer 1

h+ ions

Question 2

bases accept what type of ions

Answer 2

h+ ions

Question 3

what does acidity refer to

Answer 3

the amount of unbound h+

Question 4

what form are volatile acids in inside the lung

Answer 4

gaseous form and can be removed by lungs

Question 5

what organs non volatile (fixed) acids removed by

Answer 5

kidneys

Question 6

how do strong acids dissociate

Answer 6

fully

Question 7

how do weak acids dissociate

Answer 7

partially

Question 8

what does changing the ph interfere with

Answer 8

enzymatic activity

Question 9

what is the optimum ph margin

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Question 10

below what ph would be acidosis

Answer 10

7.35

Question 11

above what ph would be alkalosis

Answer 11

7.45

Question 12

how do buffer systems resist changes in ph

Answer 12

reversibly bind h+

Question 13

what are the two main intracellular buffers

Answer 13

phosphate and protein

Question 14

what is the main blood/extracellular buffer

Answer 14

hco3-

Question 15

what does pka of a buffer mean

Answer 15

the ph that it works best at

Question 16

why is the henderson-hasselbach equation important

Answer 16

describes the relationship between ph and the buffer system and explains why its a good buffer

Question 17

what are the four types of acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 17

respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

Question 18

explain respiratory acidosis

Answer 18

hypoventilation
pco2 rises
hco3-/po2 ratio falls
ph falls below 7.35
kidney reabsorbs hco3-
hco3-/pco2 ratio normalises with a base excess
compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 19

explain respiratory alkalosis

Answer 19

hyperventilation
pco2 falls
hco3-/po2 ratio rises
ph rises above 7.45
kidney excretes hco3-
hco3-/po2 ratio normalises when there is a base deficit
compensated respiratory alkalosis

Question 20

explain metabolic acidosis

Answer 20

tissue hypoxia/ketoacids
hco3- falls
hco3- falls
hco3-/pco2 ratio falls
ph falls
increase in ventilation lowers pco2
hco3-/po2 ratio normalises with a base deficiet
compensated metabolic acidosis

Question 21

explain metabolic alkalosis

Answer 21

excessive ingestion of alkalis/loss of gastric acid
mild hypoventilation increases pco2
hco3- increases
hco3-/pco2 ratio increases
ph above 7.45
hco3-/po2 ratio semi normalises with base excess
partially compensated metabolic alkalosis

Question 22

what is the simplified henderson hasselbach equation

Answer 22

ph=constant+kidney/lungs

Question 23

how many ways can acid base ratio be disturbed

Answer 23

4
increased pco2 and decreased hco3-
increased hco3- and decreased pco2
decreased hco3-
decreased pco2 and increased hco3-

Question 24

what is the henderson hasselbalch equation

Answer 24

ph=pk+log (hco3-/co2)

Question 25

what is the normal value for the ph range

Answer 25

7.35-7.45

Question 26

what is a volatile acid

Answer 26

acids that can be exhaled from the body as gas example- carbonic acid h2co3 produced from metabolism of carbohydrates,fats, proteins resulting in the formation of co2 which combines with water to form carbonic acid volatile acids are regulated by respiratory control

Question 27

what is a fixed acid

Answer 27

acids that cannot be exhaled and must be excreted by kidneys example sulfuric acid h2so4 phosphoric acid h3po4 from metabolism of phospholipids and nucleic acids lactic acid (anaerobic conditions) ketoacids source- generated from normal or pathological metabolic processes elimination- excreted by kidneys as part of urine excreted as ammonium fixed acids are regulated more slowly than volatile acids and their accumulation can lead to metabolic acidosis.

Question 28

what is a buffer

Answer 28

a buffer is a solution that resists changes in ph when a small amount of acid or alkali is added. buffers help maintain a stable ph by neutralising added hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions through chemical reactions made of a weak acid and its conjugate base (eg acetic acid and acetate) or a weak base and its conjugate acid ammonia and ammonium

Question 29

what are the four types of acid base imbalances

Answer 29

respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis

Question 30

what causes respiratory alkalosis

Answer 30

panic attack high altitude pulmonary embolism drug overdose salicylates

Question 31

what conditions cause respiratory acidosis

Answer 31

airway obstruction acute chronic diseases lung diseases sedatives opiods stroke trauma and obesity

Question 32

acidosis definition

Answer 32

ph is below 7.35 pco2 is higher than 35-45 hco3- are lower than 22-26

Question 33

alkalosis definition

Answer 33

ph is above 7.45

Question 34

acidosis definition

Answer 34

ph is below 7.35

Question 35

respiratory acidosis definition

Answer 35

ph is below 7.35 hypoventilation- respiratory rate depth decreases pco2- higher than 45mmhg hco3- normal within 22-26 meQl

Question 36

respiratory alkalosis definition

Answer 36

ph is above 7.45 hyperventilation- respiratory rate increases depth increases pco2- lower tha 35mmhg hco3- within normal 22-26 meql

Question 37

metabolic acidosis definition

Answer 37

ph is below 7.35 hyperventilation pco2- normal within 35-45mmhg hco3- lower than 22 meql

Question 38

metabolic alkalosis definition

Answer 38

ph is above 7.45 hypoventilation pco2- normal within 35-45mmhg hco3- higher than 26 meql

Question 39

what compensates for the H+ disturbance of metabolic region

Answer 39

lungs compensate for it

Question 40

what compensates for the H+ disturbance of the respiratory region

Answer 40

kidneys