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control of ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the description of tidal volume

A

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

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2
Q

what is the standard tidal volume in both females and males

A

500ml

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3
Q

describe inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

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4
Q

what is the standard inspiratory reserve volume in a male

A

3100ml

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5
Q

what is the standard inspiratory reserve volume in a female

A

1900ml

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6
Q

describe expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

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7
Q

what is the male standard expiratory reserve volume

A

1200ml

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8
Q

what is the standard female expiratory reserve volume

A

700ml

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9
Q

what is the residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

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10
Q

what is the standard male residual volume

A

1200ml

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11
Q

what is the standard female residual volume

A

1100ml

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12
Q

why does obesity contribute to impaired ventilation

A

smaller lung volumes
increased neural respiratory drive
increased work of breathing or peepi instrinsic positive end expiratory pressure
increased airway resistance

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13
Q

how does obstructive sleep apnoea affect ventilation

A

the tongue blocks the airway

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14
Q

obstructive sleep apnoea can lead to hypoventilation what can this cause

A

copd
structural kyphosis (chest wall deformity)
neuromuscular disease
morbid obesity

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15
Q

acute hypercapnic respiratory failure how does load capacity and neural respiratory drive lead to this

A

load can be split into resistive elastic and threshold
resistive- airway inflammation bronchospasm sputum
elastic-hyperinflation
threshold -instrinsic positive end expiratory pressure

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16
Q

what happens to neural respiratory drive in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure

A

increased ventilatory response
percieved as breathlessness
capacity- hyperinflation causing muscle shortening and abnormal geometry

17
Q

how can respiratory failure affect the neurological system

A

it can cause depression and anxiety

18
Q

how can acute hypercapnic respiratory failure affect the cardiovascular system

A

it can cause congestive heart failure
coronary artery disease

19
Q

how can acute hypercapnic respiratory failure affect the digestive system

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

20
Q

how can acute hypercapnic respiratory failure affect the endocrine system

A

diabetes melitus
diabetes

21
Q

how can acute hypercapnic respiratory failure affect the muscoskeletal system

A

sarcopenia
muscle weakness
deconditioning

22
Q

how can acute hypercapnic respiratory failure affect the respiratory system

A

obstructive sleep apnoea
lung cancer
pulmonary hypertension
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
pulmonary embolism

23
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found

A

medulla

24
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

carotid body

25
Q

how does ventilatory control work using the terms sensors effectors and controllers

A

sensors- lungs chemoreceptors
central controllers pons medulla other parts of brain
output- effectors- respiratory muscles

26
Q

where is the pneumotaxic centre

A

in the pons

27
Q

where is dorsal respiratoy group

A

medulla

28
Q

where is ventral respiratory group

A

medulla

29
Q

pons has no effect of breathing but is involved in what

A

higher control

30
Q

what do central chemoreceptors detect

A

h+ ions

31
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors detect

A

increase pco2
increase h+ ions
decreased po2

32
Q

what receptors are pulmonary inputs

A

irritant receptors-found in epithelium of airways
j receptors- found in the alveolar walls near the pulmonary capillaries
stretch receptors- found in smooth muscle of airways

33
Q

what nerves do peripheral receptors send signals to the medulla via

A

glossopharyngealnerve (carotid bodies)
vagus nerve (aortic bodies)

34
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located and how do they work

A

central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata in the ventrolateral surface near the respiratory centres
central chemoreceptors sense changes in the ph of the cerebrospinal fluid which indirectly reflects arterial co2 levels due to co2- h+ conversion

35
Q

how do chemoreceptors perform direct signal transmission

A

because they are located in the venterolateral surface of the medulla close to the respiratory groups ventral and dorsal respiratory groups they directly stimulate these centres without needing peripheral nerves

36
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors transmit signals

A

via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve xi) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve x) tot eh medulla

37
Q

explain how chemical control of ventilation takes place

A

plasma paco2 increases
paco2 crosses the blood brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid
stimulus h+in the cerebrospinal fluid stimulates central chemoreceptors
there is an increase in minute ventilation
few buffers in cerebrospinal fluid small change in paco2 results in large change h+and csf ph
responses (20 seconds) increase in ventilation
result return to normal paco2

38
Q

in chronic lung disease, increasing ventilation may not be effective at reducing paco2 what happens to in the chemical control of ventilation in such patients

A

kidneys retain hco3- over the spread of a few days, hco3- enters the csf and neutralises the ph allowing tolerance of higher co2 levels

39
Q
A

cb (24 decks)

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