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heart anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

middle compartment of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

what is the mediastinum split into and how

A

superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum at the sternal angle (transverse thoracic plane) at around t4-t5 level

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3
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum split into

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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4
Q

which sub part of the inferior mediastinum does the heart sit in

A

middle mediastinum

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5
Q

what is the outermost layer of the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium

A

surrounds the heart and makes up the boundaries of the middle mediastinum

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7
Q

what is the serous pericardium

A

below the fibrous pericardium much thinner and has two layers visceral and parietal

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8
Q

what is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain

A

serous fluid
pericardial cavity is inbetween the parietal and visceral pericardial linings

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9
Q

what is the purpose of serous fluid

A

to reduce friction of when the heart beats

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10
Q

what could go clinically wrong with the pericardial cavity

A

can become inflamed, or pericardial effusion can cause build up of pressure around the pericardium causing cardiac tamponade (heart fails to beat)

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11
Q

how can cardiac tamponade be treated

A

pericardiocentesis- needle inserted under ribcage reduces fluid buildup

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12
Q

what layers come after the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

A

myocardium
endocardium

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13
Q

what is the innermost muscle layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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14
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right

A

because blood is pumped at a much higher pressure in the systemic circulation than in the pulmonary circulation, the left ventricle pumps blood that enters aortic valve and flows through aorta to join the systemic circulation

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15
Q

what are auricles

A

extended muscular pouches of the atria

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16
Q

name an important landmark for the anterior view of the heart

A

anterior interventricular groove
right left auricles
the arch of the aorta
pulmonary trunk
ivc and svc
apex of the heart
tiny ligament connecting the aorta to the left pulmonary artery- ligmentum arteriosum- ductus arteriosus

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17
Q

what is the defect called where ductus arteriosus doesnt close properly

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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18
Q

what are some important landmarks for the posterior view of the heart

A

posterior intraventricular groove
coronary sinus
cornary arteries and veins
apex of heart
vessels- left and right pulmonary veins
arch of aorta
left and right pulmonary arteries
inferior superior vena cava

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19
Q

coronary arteries and veins- anterior view important landmarks

A

coronary sulcus separates the atria and ventricles
anterior intraventricular sulcus separates the two ventricles
anterior intraventricular branch of left coronary artery
right coronary artery
great cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

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20
Q

what are the three structures that drain into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

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21
Q

what are important landmarks of coronary arteries and veins- posterior view

A

coronary sulcus
coronary sinus
posterior interventricular sulcus
all the coronary arteries and cardiac veins

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22
Q

chest x ray abbreviations
CPA

A

costophrenic angles

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23
Q

chest x ray acronyms bs

A

breast shadow

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24
Q

what does sds stand for chest xr ay

A

sub diaphragmatic space

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25
Q

what does cp stand for in chest x rays

A

cardiacphrenic angles

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26
Q

what does ra stand for

A

right atrium

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27
Q

what does lv stand for chest x ray

A

left ventricle

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28
Q

what does c stand for chets x ray

A

carina- point where trachea bifuricates

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29
Q

what does h stand for chets x ray

A

hilum

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30
Q

what does ptl stand for

A

paratracheal lining

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31
Q

what does ak stand for chest x ray

A

aortic knuckles

32
Q

what does apw stand for chest x ray

A

aortic pulmonary window (defect)

33
Q

what drains into the coronary sinus which eventually drains into the right atrium

A

great cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
posterior cardiac vein

34
Q

what veins are there anteriorly

A

anterior cardiac veins
small cardiac veins wrapping around from the back
right marginal vein (branches off the small cardiac vein)
great cardiac vein (wraps around back)
anterior interventricular vein (branch of the great cardiac vein

35
Q

posterior side of heart veins

A

great cardiac vein
posterior cardiac vein
coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

36
Q

the heart pumps blood how

A

leading into the right atrium- inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
leading out of right ventricle
pulmonary trunk which branche into left and right pulmonary artery
leading into the left atrium
pulmonary veins
leading out of left ventricle ascending aorta.

37
Q

how many pulmonary veins do we have and what are they called

A

left inferior pulmonary vein
right inferior pulmonary vein
left superior pulmonary vein
right superior pulmonary vein

38
Q

where does blood pump to from the right pulmonary artery

A

right lung

39
Q

where does blood pump from through left pulmonary artery

A

to left lung

40
Q

whats important to remember about an echocardiogram

A

upside down
anteriorly you can see the left atrium and right atrium- posteriorl, left ventricle, right ventricle

41
Q

what are important landmarks of the right atrium

A

musculi pectinati
cirsta terminalis ( boundary between rough and smooth part)
fossa ovalis (used to be foramen ovale in fetus)

42
Q

what are the vessels that drain into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus
superior
inferior vena cava

43
Q

what are important landmarks for right ventricles

A

traberculae carnae (turbulent flow)
chordae tendinae (hold the cusps of the tricuspid valve together)
chordae tendinae are attached to papillary muscles
conus arteriosum

44
Q

what do papillary muscles do

A

prevent inversion of tricuspid valve during ventricular systole

45
Q

what is another name for conus arteriosus

A

infundibulum

46
Q

papillary muscles prevent the inversion of tricuspid valves during what phase of the cardiac cycle

A

ventricular systole

47
Q

what is the wall separating the right and left atria called

A

interatrial septum

48
Q

where is the fossa ovalis located

A

in the right atrium. it is a depression in the interatrial septum- wall separating the right and left atria

49
Q

what are landmarks of teh left atrium

A

valve of foramen ovale
mitralvalve
musculi pectinati (in the auricle)

50
Q

what vessels drain into the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein
right inferior pulmonary vein
right superior pulmonary vein
left inferior pulmonary vein
left superior pulmonary vein

51
Q

where do right inferior and right superior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from

A

right lung

52
Q

where do left inferior and left superior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from

A

left lung

53
Q

what are the key landmarks of the left atrium

A

mitral valve cusps
chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
trabeculae carnae

54
Q

where does blood from left ventricle lead to

A

ascending aorta

55
Q

what is the outflow tract of the right ventricle

A

conus arteriosus infundibulum

56
Q

what is the outflow tract of the left ventricle

A

aortic vestibule

57
Q

right and left ventricle have the same embyronic origin what is it

A

bulbus cordis

58
Q

where does blood form right ventricle lead to

A

pulmonary trunk

59
Q

how many cusps does pulmonary valve have

A

3

60
Q

how many cusps does aortic valve have

A

3

61
Q

name the cusps of the pulmonary valve

A

left semi lunar cusp
anterior semi lunar cusp
right semi lunar cusp

62
Q

name the cusps of the aortic valve

A

left semi lunar cusp
posterior semi lunar cusp
right semi lunar cusp

63
Q

how many cusps of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

anterior cusp
posterior cusp
septal cusp

64
Q

how many cusps of the bicuspid valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

anterior
posterior

65
Q

what is the order of conduction in the heart

A

sa node
atrioventricular node
bundle of his
purkinje fibres
left and right bundle fibres

66
Q

why is conduction clinically relevant

A

because if theres a problem with conduction it will mess up the cardiac rhythm and show up on an ecg

67
Q

what is the transverse sinus

A

area behind the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

68
Q

why is the transverse sinus clinically important

A

when the pericardium is opened anteriorly during surgery, a finger placed in the transverse sinus separates the arteries from the veins. a hand placed under the apex of the heart and moved superiorly slips into the oblique sinus
can be cross clamped during surgeries that need to clamp the arteries during coronary bypass surgery

69
Q

what is the oblique sinus

A

formed by the reflections of the pericardium due to folding around pulmonary veins
lies between right and left pulmonary veins behind the left atrium

70
Q

heart sounds
where can the aortic valve be heard

A

second right intercostal space right sternal border

71
Q

heart sounds
where can the pulmonic valve be heard

A

second left intercostal space left sternal border

72
Q

heart sounds
where can erb’s points be heard

A

third left intercostal space left sternal border
2nd heart sound s2 closure of aortic valves

73
Q

heart sounds
where can tricuspid valve be heard

A

fourth left intercostal space
left sternal border

74
Q

heart sounds
where can the mitral valve be heard

A

fifth intercostal space
mid clavicular lines

75
Q
A

cb (24 decks)

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