heart anatomy

Question 1

what is the mediastinum

Answer 1

middle compartment of the thoracic cavity

Question 2

what is the mediastinum split into and how

Answer 2

superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum at the sternal angle (transverse thoracic plane) at around t4-t5 level

Question 3

what is the inferior mediastinum split into

Answer 3

anterior
middle
posterior

Question 4

which sub part of the inferior mediastinum does the heart sit in

Answer 4

middle mediastinum

Question 5

what is the outermost layer of the heart

Answer 5

fibrous pericardium

Question 6

what is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 6

surrounds the heart and makes up the boundaries of the middle mediastinum

Question 7

what is the serous pericardium

Answer 7

below the fibrous pericardium much thinner and has two layers visceral and parietal

Question 8

what is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain

Answer 8

serous fluid
pericardial cavity is inbetween the parietal and visceral pericardial linings

Question 9

what is the purpose of serous fluid

Answer 9

to reduce friction of when the heart beats

Question 10

what could go clinically wrong with the pericardial cavity

Answer 10

can become inflamed, or pericardial effusion can cause build up of pressure around the pericardium causing cardiac tamponade (heart fails to beat)

Question 11

how can cardiac tamponade be treated

Answer 11

pericardiocentesis- needle inserted under ribcage reduces fluid buildup

Question 12

what layers come after the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Answer 12

myocardium
endocardium

Question 13

what is the innermost muscle layer of the heart

Answer 13

endocardium

Question 14

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right

Answer 14

because blood is pumped at a much higher pressure in the systemic circulation than in the pulmonary circulation, the left ventricle pumps blood that enters aortic valve and flows through aorta to join the systemic circulation

Question 15

what are auricles

Answer 15

extended muscular pouches of the atria

Question 16

name an important landmark for the anterior view of the heart

Answer 16

anterior interventricular groove
right left auricles
the arch of the aorta
pulmonary trunk
ivc and svc
apex of the heart
tiny ligament connecting the aorta to the left pulmonary artery- ligmentum arteriosum- ductus arteriosus

Question 17

what is the defect called where ductus arteriosus doesnt close properly

Answer 17

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 18

what are some important landmarks for the posterior view of the heart

Answer 18

posterior intraventricular groove
coronary sinus
cornary arteries and veins
apex of heart
vessels- left and right pulmonary veins
arch of aorta
left and right pulmonary arteries
inferior superior vena cava

Question 19

coronary arteries and veins- anterior view important landmarks

Answer 19

coronary sulcus separates the atria and ventricles
anterior intraventricular sulcus separates the two ventricles
anterior intraventricular branch of left coronary artery
right coronary artery
great cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

Question 20

what are the three structures that drain into the right atrium

Answer 20

coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

Question 21

what are important landmarks of coronary arteries and veins- posterior view

Answer 21

coronary sulcus
coronary sinus
posterior interventricular sulcus
all the coronary arteries and cardiac veins

Question 22

chest x ray abbreviations
CPA

Answer 22

costophrenic angles

Question 23

chest x ray acronyms bs

Answer 23

breast shadow

Question 24

what does sds stand for chest xr ay

Answer 24

sub diaphragmatic space

Question 25

what does cp stand for in chest x rays

Answer 25

cardiacphrenic angles

Question 26

what does ra stand for

Answer 26

right atrium

Question 27

what does lv stand for chest x ray

Answer 27

left ventricle

Question 28

what does c stand for chets x ray

Answer 28

carina- point where trachea bifuricates

Question 29

what does h stand for chets x ray

Answer 29

hilum

Question 30

what does ptl stand for

Answer 30

paratracheal lining

Question 31

what does ak stand for chest x ray

Answer 31

aortic knuckles

Question 32

what does apw stand for chest x ray

Answer 32

aortic pulmonary window (defect)

Question 33

what drains into the coronary sinus which eventually drains into the right atrium

Answer 33

great cardiac vein small cardiac vein middle cardiac vein posterior cardiac vein

Question 34

what veins are there anteriorly

Answer 34

anterior cardiac veins small cardiac veins wrapping around from the back right marginal vein (branches off the small cardiac vein) great cardiac vein (wraps around back) anterior interventricular vein (branch of the great cardiac vein

Question 35

posterior side of heart veins

Answer 35

great cardiac vein posterior cardiac vein coronary sinus middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein

Question 36

the heart pumps blood how

Answer 36

leading into the right atrium- inferior vena cava and superior vena cava leading out of right ventricle pulmonary trunk which branche into left and right pulmonary artery leading into the left atrium pulmonary veins leading out of left ventricle ascending aorta.

Question 37

how many pulmonary veins do we have and what are they called

Answer 37

left inferior pulmonary vein right inferior pulmonary vein left superior pulmonary vein right superior pulmonary vein

Question 38

where does blood pump to from the right pulmonary artery

Answer 38

right lung

Question 39

where does blood pump from through left pulmonary artery

Answer 39

to left lung

Question 40

whats important to remember about an echocardiogram

Answer 40

upside down anteriorly you can see the left atrium and right atrium- posteriorl, left ventricle, right ventricle

Question 41

what are important landmarks of the right atrium

Answer 41

musculi pectinati cirsta terminalis ( boundary between rough and smooth part) fossa ovalis (used to be foramen ovale in fetus)

Question 42

what are the vessels that drain into the right atrium

Answer 42

coronary sinus superior inferior vena cava

Question 43

what are important landmarks for right ventricles

Answer 43

traberculae carnae (turbulent flow) chordae tendinae (hold the cusps of the tricuspid valve together) chordae tendinae are attached to papillary muscles conus arteriosum

Question 44

what do papillary muscles do

Answer 44

prevent inversion of tricuspid valve during ventricular systole

Question 45

what is another name for conus arteriosus

Answer 45

infundibulum

Question 46

papillary muscles prevent the inversion of tricuspid valves during what phase of the cardiac cycle

Answer 46

ventricular systole

Question 47

what is the wall separating the right and left atria called

Answer 47

interatrial septum

Question 48

where is the fossa ovalis located

Answer 48

in the right atrium. it is a depression in the interatrial septum- wall separating the right and left atria

Question 49

what are landmarks of teh left atrium

Answer 49

valve of foramen ovale mitralvalve musculi pectinati (in the auricle)

Question 50

what vessels drain into the left atrium

Answer 50

pulmonary vein right inferior pulmonary vein right superior pulmonary vein left inferior pulmonary vein left superior pulmonary vein

Question 51

where do right inferior and right superior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from

Answer 51

right lung

Question 52

where do left inferior and left superior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from

Answer 52

left lung

Question 53

what are the key landmarks of the left atrium

Answer 53

mitral valve cusps chordae tendinae papillary muscles trabeculae carnae

Question 54

where does blood from left ventricle lead to

Answer 54

ascending aorta

Question 55

what is the outflow tract of the right ventricle

Answer 55

conus arteriosus infundibulum

Question 56

what is the outflow tract of the left ventricle

Answer 56

aortic vestibule

Question 57

right and left ventricle have the same embyronic origin what is it

Answer 57

bulbus cordis

Question 58

where does blood form right ventricle lead to

Answer 58

pulmonary trunk

Question 59

how many cusps does pulmonary valve have

Answer 59

3

Question 60

how many cusps does aortic valve have

Answer 60

3

Question 61

name the cusps of the pulmonary valve

Answer 61

left semi lunar cusp anterior semi lunar cusp right semi lunar cusp

Question 62

name the cusps of the aortic valve

Answer 62

left semi lunar cusp posterior semi lunar cusp right semi lunar cusp

Question 63

how many cusps of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 63

anterior cusp posterior cusp septal cusp

Question 64

how many cusps of the bicuspid valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

Answer 64

anterior posterior

Question 65

what is the order of conduction in the heart

Answer 65

sa node atrioventricular node bundle of his purkinje fibres left and right bundle fibres

Question 66

why is conduction clinically relevant

Answer 66

because if theres a problem with conduction it will mess up the cardiac rhythm and show up on an ecg

Question 67

what is the transverse sinus

Answer 67

area behind the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

Question 68

why is the transverse sinus clinically important

Answer 68

when the pericardium is opened anteriorly during surgery, a finger placed in the transverse sinus separates the arteries from the veins. a hand placed under the apex of the heart and moved superiorly slips into the oblique sinus can be cross clamped during surgeries that need to clamp the arteries during coronary bypass surgery

Question 69

what is the oblique sinus

Answer 69

formed by the reflections of the pericardium due to folding around pulmonary veins lies between right and left pulmonary veins behind the left atrium

Question 70

heart sounds where can the aortic valve be heard

Answer 70

second right intercostal space right sternal border

Question 71

heart sounds where can the pulmonic valve be heard

Answer 71

second left intercostal space left sternal border

Question 72

heart sounds where can erb's points be heard

Answer 72

third left intercostal space left sternal border 2nd heart sound s2 closure of aortic valves

Question 73

heart sounds where can tricuspid valve be heard

Answer 73

fourth left intercostal space left sternal border

Question 74

heart sounds where can the mitral valve be heard

Answer 74

fifth intercostal space mid clavicular lines

Question 75

azygous system- explain

Answer 75

azygous vein- ascends into the thorax through the aortic opening behind the diaphragm along with the aorta and thoracic duct receives most of the venous blood from the thoracic wall on the right side drains into superior vena cava

Question 76

what are hemiazygous veins

Answer 76

receives venous blood from most of the posterior intercostal veins on the left superior accessory hemizaygous veins drains the 4th -8 posterior intercostal spaces the hemiazygous (inferior) drains the 9th -12th intercostal space both hemiazygous veins then pass across the vertebral columnn to join the ayzgous vein on the right