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microcirculation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the arteriole at the end of arteriovenous anastomoses called

A

terminal arteriole

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2
Q

after terminal arteriole what is the arteriole that follows

A

metarteriole

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3
Q

what come off of metaarterioles

A

true capillaries

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4
Q

how many true capillary per capillary bed

A

10-100 true capillaries per capillary bed

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5
Q

what is the structure after true capillaries after gaseous exchange

A

thorough fare channel

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6
Q

what is the distance between meta arteriole and thorough fare channel

A

vascular shunt

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7
Q

what drains thorough fare channel

A

post capillary venule

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8
Q

what is the smooth muscle rings that covers the true capillaries

A

sphincter- controls blood flow to true capillaries to take it to the tissue cells

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9
Q

what do the sphincters on the true capillaries do

A

control blood flow to true capillaries to take it to the tissue cells

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10
Q

what are the sphincters on the true capillaries called

A

pre capillary sphincter

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11
Q

what is the pre capillary sphincter

A

a ring of smooth muscle tissue if it constricts, no blood can come out to the capillaries, if it dilates blood can be delivered to the true capillaries

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12
Q

what are the pre capillary sphincters controlled by

A

sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

how many litres is the intracellular fluid

A

28 litres

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14
Q

how many litres in the intersitial fluid

A

10.4 litres

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15
Q

how many litres in the transcellular fluid

A

0.8 ml

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16
Q

how many litres are in the plasma fluid

A

2.8 litres

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17
Q

what two components is blood made from

A

cells and plasma

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18
Q

what does hpc mean

A

hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries. pressure designed to push fluid out of capillary bed

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19
Q

what is the usual hydrostatic pressure in the capillary at the arteriole end of the vascular shunt

A

35 mmhg

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20
Q

if the systolic pressure drops what happens to the hpc

A

also decreases

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21
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by albumin and plasma proteins to pull water into the bloodstream

22
Q

what is the standard osmotic capillary pressure

23
Q

what is the standard hp if hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

24
Q

what does the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid do

A

pushes the if into capillary bed but ususlly 0 so no change

25
what is standard osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
1mmhg as usually has some solutes
26
what does osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid do
pull fluid from capillary bed into interstitial space
27
what does the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary drop to at the venous end
17mmhg
28
what happens to the osmotic pressure of the capillary at the venous end
it is retained remains 25-26mmhg unless albumin is lost
29
what happens to the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid at the venule end
remains 0mmhg
30
how is net filtration pressure of arteriole end calculated
(35mmhg+1mmhg)-(25+0)=11mhg out - in (hydrostatic pressure of capillary+osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid) -(osmotic pressure of capillary+hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid) net flow out
31
how is net filtration pressure of the venule end carried out
(17mmhg+ 1) - (25+0) hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary+ osmotic pressure of intersitial fluid) - (osmotic pressure at venule endof capillary+ hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid) -7 mmhg net flow in
32
what can lead to severe oedema
hypoalbuminaemia can lead to severe oedema hypoproteinaemia
33
diseases such as glomerulonephritis can cause albumin proteins to be lost this decreases oncotic pressure what will this do to the fluid going in and out along the vascular shunt
more fluid pushed out and less fluid pushed in causing oedema
34
if someone develops cancer (hodgkins lymphoma or non hodgkins ) and an occlusion is produced within lymphatic vessel this impairs the ability of the lymphatic vessel to drain causing backflow what can this lead to
area swells and oedema is caused backflow of lymph causes hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid to rise above 0 causing more fluid to be pushed out. leads to stagnation
35
what is an anastomoses
alternative or collateral channels for blood to flow through
36
what are the three types of anastomoses
arterial anastomoses venous anastomoses arteriovenous anastomoses
37
what anastamoses are the most common
venous anastomoses
38
arteriovenous anastamoses from where to where in the vascular shunt
metaarteriole to thorough fare channel
39
arterial anastomoses what is the most important one
circle of willis
40
circle of willis
if there is a clot in the posteriorcommunicating arteries , there is an alternative route for blood flow in the circle of willis between anterior communicating arteries and posterior communicating arteries
41
when someone is exercising they might be producing co2 and lactic acid high co2 in the bloodstream causes high hydrogen ions and high amounts of lactic acid what does this do to blood vessels
localised/active active hyperaemia
42
if mean arterial pressure is high what does this lead to
vasoconstriction to prevent smaller cerebral vessels from rupturing,
43
what happens when there is a decrease in map
vasodilation to increase blood flow
44
if mean arterial pressure is not high enough what can it cause symptoms wise
syncopy and fainting
45
if for example there is an obstruction in the lung the area cannot be oxygenated what will happen to ensure sufficient oxygenation of blood
vessel vasoconstricts to divert blood to area with more oxygen
46
during fight or flight what happens to vessels around the gi tract and skin and kidney s
vasoconstriction to divert blood away from git and skin and divert it to heart skeletal muscle, lungs and brain
47
arteriovenous malformation what is it
people do not have true capillaries, capillaries dampen pressure but in a av malformation high pressure from artery goes straight to vein leading them to become coiled up and can cause ruptures. common in brain but rare condition
48
how is av malformation treated
embolous is created to divert blood flow to prevent rupturing
49
what is ascites
water belly
50
what is elephentatis or bancroftians filariasis
caused by nematode infection. blocked lymph nodes

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