heart chambers, great vessels

Question 1

what are great vessels

Answer 1

major vessels bringing blood to and from the heart
superior vena cava- blood from head and upper body
inferior vena cava- blood from trunk and lower limbs
pulmonary arteries- blood from heart to lungs
aorta- blood from heart into systemic circulation

Question 2

what are atria

Answer 2

thin walled chambers
right atrium- entrance for all venous blood from systemic circulation
superior and inferior vena cava
cardiac sinus (drains cardiac veins)
left atrium
connected pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 3

describe ventricles

Answer 3

thick walled
muscular ridges- trabeculae carneae
right ventricle>pulmonary artery
left ventricle>aorta

Question 4

cardiac cycle diastole meaning

Answer 4

relaxation
ventricular elongation and filling

Question 5

cardiac systole

Answer 5

contraction
ventricular shortening and emptying

Question 6

what does the foramen ovale turn onto when fetus turns into adult

Answer 6

fossa ovalis

Question 7

what is ductus arteriosus

Answer 7

connects pulmonary artery to arch of the aorta
in most births this will become oblitoarated at birth becoming the ligmentum arteriosum

Question 8

what is the name of the ductus arteriosus after birth

Answer 8

ligmentum arteriosum

Question 9

what is it called if the ductus arteriosus doesnt close properly during birth

Answer 9

patent ductus arteriosus there is a left to right shunt of blood from the aorta back into the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs causing pulmonary hypertension and eventual heart failure

Question 10

what do we use to listen to the heart

Answer 10

cardiac echocardiography

Question 11

what are you listening to when you place the stethescope at the right sternal border second intercostal right space

Answer 11

aortic valve area

Question 11

what are you listening to when you place the stethescope at the left sternal border at the second left intercostal space

Answer 11

pulmonic valve area

Question 12

what are you listening to when you place the stethescope at the third left intercostal space left sternal border

Answer 12

erbs point s2 heart sound
closure of the aortic valves

Question 13

what are you listening to when you place the stethescope at the fourth left intercostal space sternal border

Answer 13

tricuspid valve area

Question 14

what are you listening to when you place the stethescope at the fifth intercostal space left midclavicular line

Answer 14

mitral valve area

Question 15

whta is the largest artery in the body

Answer 15

aorta

Question 16

vasculature from the head and neck

Answer 16

ascends from arch of the aorta

Question 17

on the right side, what does the braciocephallic trunk divide into

Answer 17

right subcalvain artey and right common cartid artery

Question 18

on the left side what branches out from aorta

Answer 18

left common carotid
left subclavian artery

Question 19

where does superior vena cava drain blood from

Answer 19

returns blood from all structures superior to the diaphragm apart from lungs and heart

Question 20

where does inferior vena cava return blood from

Answer 20

lower part of body

Question 21

where do brachiocephallic veins drain blood from

Answer 21

head neck uppe limb to superior vena cava

Question 22

how many times longer is the left brachiocephallic vein than the right

Answer 22

3 times

Question 23

what are azygous veins

Answer 23

form a collaterol pathway between superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, drains blood from posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen

Question 24

what are hemiazygous veins

Answer 24

recieves blood from three inferior posterior intercostal veins, the inferior esophagul veins and severe small mediastinal veins

Question 25

what are accessory hemiazygous veins

Answer 25

recieves veins from in the 4th-8th intercostal veins

Question 26

what is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body

Answer 26

thoracic duct
conveys most of the lymph in the venous system
ascends posterior mediastinum between aorta and aygous vein
usually empties in to venous system via junction of left internal jugular and subclavian vein (left venous angle)

Question 27

what is the right lymphatic duct

Answer 27

drains lymph from regions not drained by thoracic duct
from upper neck
right lumb
right side of head

Question 28

what are the oesophagul plexus

Answer 28

vagal and sympathetic fibres to smooth muscle and glands of inferior 2/3rd of esophagus

Question 29

what are deep cardiac plexus

Answer 29

parasympathetics and sympathetics supplying the heart

Question 30

what can be done in coronary bypass surgery

Answer 30

a clamp or ligature can be placed to prevent blood supply through these vessels

Question 31

what does foramen ovale become

Answer 31

fossa ovalis

Question 32

what is ductus arteriosus

Answer 32

connects pulmonary artery to arch of the aorta
this obliterates after birth and becomes ligamentum arteriosim

Question 33

what is patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 33

if ligamentum arteriosum does not close, this can cause left to right shunt causing blood from aorta to flow back to pulmonary artery and into lungs causing severe hypertension and potential heart failure

Question 34

what is foramen ovale

Answer 34

hole between left and right atrium, bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation as lungs are not fully functioning. blood oxygenated from the placenta enters right atrium and goes through foramen ovale to enter left atriumfrom where it enters systemic circulation