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Physiology > Respiratory II Pulmonary Circulation > Flashcards

Respiratory II Pulmonary Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the relationship of the pressure, resistance, compliance and volume in the pulmonary circulation compared to the systemic circulation

A

everything is lower in pulmonary system

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2
Q

is diameter of arteries and arterioles large in pulmonary circulation or systemic

A

pulmonary

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3
Q

are any pulmonary capillaries closed at rest

A

yes

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4
Q

how many pulmonary capillaries supply how many alveoli

A

280 billion capillaries supply 300 million alveoli

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5
Q

what is the potential surface area for gas exchange

A

50-100 m^2

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6
Q

what does bronchial circulation do

A

supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tracheobronchial tree down to the terminal bronchioles and pulmonary blood vessels, visceral pleura, nerves and hilar lymph nodes

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7
Q

what percentage of cardiac output does bronchial flow make up

A

2%

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8
Q

why does blood in the LA have a slightly lower O2 concentration than the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

A

because of bronchial circulation because some of the deoxygenated blood from the bronchial veins mixes with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins

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9
Q

how do structures in the respiratory zone receive oxygen and nutrients

A

receive oxygen directly by diffusion from the alveolar air and nutrients from the mixed venous blood in pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

what is MAP of pulmonary circulation

A

14 mmHg

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11
Q

what is pulmonary capillary pressure

A

7mmHg

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12
Q

what is pulmonary venous/left atrial pressure

A

2 mmHg

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13
Q

what percentage of pulmonary blood volume accounts for total blood volume

A

9% or 450 mL

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14
Q

how does pulmonary blood volume change during inspiration

A

it increases

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15
Q

how does pulmonary blood volume change when lying down

A

increases

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16
Q

what happens to pulmonary artery pressure as a result of increased cardiac output

A

only a small increase in pulmonary pressure

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17
Q

which circulation is more prone to hypertension

A

systemic

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18
Q

how does an increase in CO to lungs decrease pulmonary resistance

A

recruitment of pulmonary capillaries
distension of pulmonary capillaries

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19
Q

at what PAO2 do adjacent blood vessels constrict

A

below 70% of normal

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20
Q

when do adjacent vessels dilate

A

when PAO2 is high

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21
Q

what happens when O2 is low in the pulmonary system? circulatory system?

A

-pulmonary: blood vessels constrict
-systemic: blood vessels dilate

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22
Q

what would perfusion of a hypoventilated alveolus result in

A

blood with decreased PaO2

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23
Q

what does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction cause

A

blood to be sent to a better ventilated alveoli to maximized gas exchange

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24
Q

what are vasodilators in pulmonary arterioles

A

-high O2 in alveoli
- dopamine
-bradykinin
-prostacyclin
-NO
-histamine
-AcH

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25
what are the vasoconstrictors for the pulmonary arterioles
-low O2 in alveoli -high CO2 in alveoli -NE -ANG II -endothelin -ADH - TXA2
26
What does high O2 do in systemic circulation
vasoconstrict
27
what does low O2 do in systemic circulation
vasodilate
28
what are the alveolar vessels
pulmonary capillaries, smallest arterioles and venules
29
what are the extra alveolar vessels
all other vessels such as larger vessels feeding in
30
what is the PVR (pulmonary vascular resistance)
total of alveolar vessels + extra alveolar vessel resistance
31
what happens to the alveolar vessels and the extra alveolar vessels during inspiration
-alveolar vessels are compressed/elongated and their resistance increases - extra alveolar vessels have decreased resistance
32
when is resistance in the pulmonary circulation lowest
when lung volume is equal to FRC
33
at low lung volumes extraalveolar vessel resistance increases which does what to total PVR
increases it
34
at high lung volumes alveolar vessel resistance increases which does what to total PVR
increases it
35
what is FRC
-functional residual capacity -the volume of air in the lungs after a normal expiration
36
what is the difference in pulmonary arterial pressure from the apex to the base when in an upright position
23mmHg
37
which zone is the most inferior zone in the lungs
zone 3
38
which zone has the highest hydrostatic pressure
zone 3
39
which zone has highest blood flow per alveolus
zone 3
40
exercise increases blood flow to which zones of the lung
all zones but bottom still receives the most
41
what forces do the pulmonary capillaries in the zones of the lungs experience
-hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside of the capillaries (Pa) favoring filtration -the tissue pressure outside of the capillary which opposes filtration and favors vessel collapse
42
what vessels are altered by the hydrostatic pressure of blood inside the capillaries
only the capillaries and smallest of the arterioles and venules
43
which is greater in zone 1: Pa or PA
PA> Pa
44
describe the capillaries in zone 1
compressed
45
when is a greater portion of the lung converted to zone 1
if Pa drops (hemorrhage) or PA increases (positive pressure breathing)
46
which is greater in zone 2: PA or Pa
Pa is higher than PA during systole. during diastole Pa will drop lower than PA
47
describe blood flow in zone 2
intermittent
48
which is higher in zone 3: PA or Pa
highest Pa. Pa remains higher than PA during systole and diastole
49
describe blood flow in zone 3
continuous
50
what zones are used during exercise
zone 2 is converted into zone 3
51
what zone predominates in supine position
zone 2
52
what is the ventilation (V)/Perfusion (Q) match
index of the match between air flow (alveolar ventilation-V) and pulmonary blood flow (perfusion-Q)
53
what is normal whole lung V/Q
0.8
54
what does a normal whole lung V/Q of 0.8 mean
there is more blood than air flow
55
where in the lung is the V/Q higher
at the apex as there is slower increase in ventilation than blood flow as you go from zone 1 to zone 3
56
why does fast shallow breaths in upright position cause V/Q mismatch
air flows to upper lobes and blood to lower lobes
57
what is the V/Q at the apex of the lung
greater than 1
58
where do pulmonary capillaries receive more blood flow
at the base of the lung
59
where do alveoli receive more ventilation
at the base of the lung
60
what is the average Pip
-5 mmHg
61
describe ventilation at the apex and Pip
-intrapleural pressure more negative -greater transmural pressure gradient - alveoli larger, less compliant -less ventilation -Pip = -10 mmHg
62
describe perfusion at the apex
-lower intravascular pressure -less recruitment, distension -higher resistance -less blood flow
63
describe ventilation at the base and the Pip
-intrapleural pressure less negative (-2.5mmHg) -smaller transmural pressure gradient -alveoli smaller, more compliant -more ventilation
64
describe perfusion at the base of the lung
- greater vascular pressures - more recruitment, distension -lower resistance -greater blood flow
65
what is the V/Q ratio at the base of the lung
less than 1
66
if ventilation is limited what is the V/Q, O2, CO2, and where does smooth muscle constrict
-V/Q is low - O2 is low -CO2 is high -smooth muscles in the blood vessels constrict
67
is perfusion is limited what is the V/Q, O2, CO2, and where does smooth muscle constrict
-V/Q is high -O2 is high -CO2 is low - smooth muscles in the bronchioles constrict
68
how long does blood traverse through the pulmonary capillaries
0.3-0.8 seconds
69
what is fluid filtration determined by
hydrostatic fluid forces and capillary and interstitial colloid
70
what are the hydrostatic pressures
-capillary pressure (Pc) - interstitial fluid pressure (Pif)
71
what are the osmotic pressures
-plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Pi c) -interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (pi if)
72
what does it mean it Pif is negative
filtration pressure
73
what is the total filtration pressure
29 mmHg
74
what is capillary pressure (Pc) (number)
7 mmHg
75
what is the interstitial fluid pressure (Pif)
-8mmHg
76
what does the negative in interstitial fluid pressure tell you
filtration pressure
77
what is the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (pi if) (number)
14mmHg
78
why is interstitial colloid osmotic pressure in the pulmonary capillary half of systemic capillaries
because pulmonary capillaries are leaky to protein
79
what is the total absorption pressure
28 mmHg
80
what is the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (pi p)
28 mmHg
81
what does it mean that the filtration pressures are greater than the absorptive pressures
continual flow of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the interstitial spaces
82
what happens to the extra fluid that enters the alveoli
it gets sucked into the interstitial space due to the slight negative pressure and then picked up by lymphatic capillaries
83
what causes pulmonary edema
disrupted balance of the pulmonary capillary and interstitial hydrostatic and colloid pressures
84
what is pulmonary edema
large increases in net capillary filtration
85
what can pulmonary edema result from pathologically
left sided heart failure, mitral valve stenosis, damage to pulmonary capillary membranes

Physiology (41 decks)

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