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Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the immune system

A
  • surveillance of the body
  • recognition of foreign material
    -destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
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2
Q

what is innate/natural/non-specific immunity stimulated by

A

-structures common to groups of related microbes
-cannot distinguish between fine differences of foreign substances

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3
Q

what is acquired immunity

A
  • very specific response to a distinct macromolecule
  • remembers macromolecules and response more vigorously the second exposure
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4
Q

what is the relationship between the innate immune system and acquire immunity

A

influence each other

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5
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

-monocytes/macrophages
-lymphocytes

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6
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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7
Q

what is the order of abundance of blood cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
    -monocytes
    -eosinophils
    -basophils
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8
Q

describe the leukocytes compared to RBCs

A

all are nucleated and are larger and less numerous

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9
Q

describe all granulocytes

A

polymorphonuclear

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10
Q

what is the function of innate immunity

A

-protective
- neutralizes harmful agents
-removes dead tissue
- initiates the tissue repair process

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11
Q

what do damaged cells in innate immunity release and do

A

release inflammatory mediators which stimulate the inflammatory process but they can also injure normal tissue

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12
Q

where do mediators of the innate immune system act

A

locally and systemically

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13
Q

what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

-rubor
- calor (heat)
- dolor (pain)
- swelling
-loss of function
- edema

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14
Q

what is activated in the complement system

A

C3a and C5a

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15
Q

what do C3a, C5a, histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin cause

A

-fluid leakage as exudate
-vasodilation

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16
Q

what do neutrophils cause

A

-chemokines -> ingestion of bacteria -> cytokine secretion -> recruitment of macrophages and lymphocytes -> selectins -> endothelial stickiness and integrins

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17
Q

what is phagocytosis an essential part of

A

inflammation and acquired immunity

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18
Q

what particles do cells engulf

A

non-self or damaged particles

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19
Q

what is phagocytosis of innate immunity accomplished by

A

mostly neutrophils and macrophages

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20
Q

what is the difference in ability to phagocytize between macrophages and neutrophils

A

macrophages can phagocytize for more and larger material and are already in the tissue

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21
Q

how does a phagocyte recognize its “meal”

A

-phagocytes contain toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize generic PAMPS and DAMPS
- rough surface

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22
Q

what should native substances have on their surface to repel phagocytes

A

protein coats

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23
Q

how is a cell marked for phagocytosis

A

a target will have an immunoglobulin/antibody attached to it

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24
Q

what part of the immune system secretes Interferons

A

innate immunity

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25
Q

what secretes INF and what does it do

A

-virally infected cell secretes it
- causes uninfected cells to produce enzymes that inhibit viral replication which prevents the spread of the virus to neighboring cells

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26
Q

what does the complement system consist of

A

30 distinct components that are in plasma in an inactive form and must be cleaved to become active

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27
Q

what is the complement system activated by

A

substances on the surface of microbes

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28
Q

what does the cascade of reactions in the complement system lead to

A
  • enhancement of inflammation
    -opsonization of pathogens
  • formation of a MAC that lyses pathogens
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29
Q

what immune system is the complement system activated by

A

both innate and acquired

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30
Q

what cell types require activation in acquired immunity

A

B and T lymphocytes

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31
Q

what type of immunity are B cells involved in

A

humoral

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32
Q

what type of immunity are T cells involved in

A

cell-mediated

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33
Q

what are helper T lymphocytes also called

A

CD4+

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34
Q

what are cytotoxic T lymphocytes also called

A

CD8+

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35
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules capable of inducing an acquired immune response by binding to B cell and T cell receptors and the production of antibodies against them

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36
Q

what type of molecule are antigens

A

surface peptides or polysaccharides

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37
Q

what is an epitope

A

molecular group on the antigen that is recognized by the immune system

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38
Q

what do antigen presenting cells do (APCs)

A

present antigens on their surface via MHC class II molecules

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39
Q

what do APCs bind to and activate

A

T helper cells -CD4

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40
Q

what do T helper cells (CD4) activate

A

humoral and cell-mediated immunity in acquired immunity

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41
Q

what are the antigen presenting cells and what do they do

A
  • macrophages: ingest the pathogen and induce an inflammatory response if appropriate
    -lymphocytes
  • dendritic cells: ingest the antigen and migrate to the nearest lymphoid organ
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42
Q

describe cell mediated immunity

A

activated T cells (NK cells, Cytotoxic T, CD8) result in killing of infected cells and stimulation of phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi

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43
Q

describe humoral immunity

A

activated B cells develop into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins. the antibodies neutralize toxins and viruses and enhance phagocytosis of bacteria

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44
Q

where do activated T and B cells initiate a response

A

in secondary lymphoid tissues

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45
Q

what do macrophages kill

A

bacteria

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46
Q

what do NK cells kill

A

virus infected cells and tumor cells

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47
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells kill

A

tumor cells and virus infected cells

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48
Q

what do T and B lymphocytes do upon activation

A

replicate a lot into clones and are secreted into the lymphatic circulation. then they cycle through the blood, tissue, and back to the lymph working as effector cells to eliminate the antigen

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49
Q

what causes Naive T cells to be made into T cell clones

A

cytokines

50
Q

what are plasma cells

A

B cells that secrete antibodies

51
Q

where are MHC class II cells found and what are they involved in

A

found on antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and are involved in presenting antigens to T helper cells for cell mediated immunity

52
Q

what do MHC class 1 do

A

code for markers that display unique characteristics of self and foreign antigens when the cell is infected

53
Q

what does the interaction between MHC class II and T helper cell cause

A

activation of the T cell and creation of T cell clones

54
Q

what does the interaction between MHC class I and cytotoxic T cell cause

A

destruction of an infected cell when it presents a foreign antigen

55
Q

what are the actions of T lymphocytes

A

-growth and proliferation of cytotoxic and suppressor T lymphocytes
-growth and proliferation of B lymphocytes
-stimulates activation of more T helper cells
- activation of macrophage system

56
Q

what does activation of the macrophage system cause

A

-attract and slow/stop macrophage migration away from inflamed regions
- stimulate more efficient phagocytosis

57
Q

what cells have MHC Class I on their surface

A

all nucleated cells

58
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do after binding antigens

A

-secrete perforin molecules that punch holes in the membrane of the target which causes the cell to swell and lyse
- release of granzymes into the target through perforin channels that stimulate apoptosis

59
Q

what do cytotoxic cells do after secreting substances

A

they can unbind and move to another cell

60
Q

what do suppressor T cells do

A

-suppress functions of cytotoxic and helper T cells
-secrete inhibitory cytokines
- limit the immune systems ability to attack ones own tissues and add to immune tolerance

61
Q

what are B cells activated by

A

intact antigens and activated T helper cells

62
Q

what do B cells look like when activated

A

they enlarge and look like lymphoblasts

63
Q

what can B cells differentiate into

A

plasmablasts which become plasma cells

64
Q

where are immunoglobulins secreted

A

into the lymph and carried into the blood for circulation

65
Q

what is the FAB region

A

the antigen binding region of the immunoglobulin

66
Q

what does the Fc region of the immunoglobulin determine and what is it also called

A

-AKA constant portion
- determines diffusivity through membranes, complement attachment, and other biological properties

67
Q

what does the heavy chain determine

A

Ig classification

68
Q

what receptors do phagocytes contain and what does this cause

A

Fc receptors so antibody binding to an antigen leads to enhanced phagocytosis

69
Q

what immunoglobulin is most abundant in the blood

A

IgG

70
Q

what are the immunoglobulins

A

-IgG
- IgE
-IgA
-IgM
- IgD

71
Q

what does IgG do

A

-complement activation
-opsonizes bacteria
-neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses
-antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells and macrophages

72
Q

what is the primary antibody in the secondary response

A

IgG

73
Q

what type of reactions is mediated by IgG

A

type 2 and type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

74
Q

what type of reactions are mediated by IgE

A

type 1 hypersenstivity reactions

75
Q

what does IgE do

A

defends against parasitic infections

76
Q

what cells are activated by IgE

A

basophils, mast cells and eosinophils

77
Q

where is IgA synthesized

A

by plasma cells in exocrine glands

78
Q

what is the most abundant Ig in the body

A

IgA

79
Q

what type of immunity does IgA mediate

A

mucosal immunity and neonatal immunity

80
Q

what Ig is the most potent activator of complement

A

IgM

81
Q

what is the largest Ig

A

IgM

82
Q

what is the first Ig produced in response to an antigen

A

IgM

83
Q

what is IgM secreted as

A

membrane bound as a monomer but can also be a pentamer

84
Q

what do B cells begin to express on their surface when they reach maturity

A

IgM and IgD

85
Q

where is IgD located and what does it do

A

-membrane bound, receptor on B lymphocytes surface
-aids in recognition by B lymphocytes

86
Q

what happens to B cells after antigen activation and why

A

-they undergo antibody class switching to produce IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies to allow daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce different types of abs

87
Q

describe the secondary immune response compared to the primary response

A

it is faster, stronger, and longer

88
Q

what does binding of antigen binding site of an antibody with an antigen cause

A

-neutralization
-agglutination
-precipitation

89
Q

what does exposed Fc portion following antigen binding by antibody cause

A

-complement fixation
- opsonization
-activation of NK cells

90
Q

what immunoglobulins activate the complemetn system

A

IgM and IgG

91
Q

what is tolerance

A

immunologic unresponsiveness to self antigens

92
Q

where is tolerance seen

A
  • clonal deletion occurs within the fetal thymus and bone marrow - central tolerance
  • clonal anergy is when cells that are self antigenic become non functional -peripheral tolerance
93
Q

what happens when self tolerance fails

A

autoimmune disease

94
Q

what percentage of autoimmune diseases occur in women

A

90%

95
Q

what are the theories for why immune tolerance fails

A

-failrue of regulation of self reactive lymphocytes
-exposure of T lymphocytes to antigens previously sequestered from the immune system
- molecular mimicry by invading pathogens
- modification of self antigens
-inappropriate expression of class II MHC molecules

96
Q

where does molecular mimicry occur

A

in rheumatic fever where strep mutans resembles a portion of cardiac myosin

97
Q

what are some autoimmune diseases we have learned about and what is targeted

A
  • rheumatic fever
    -myasthenia gravis- Ach disorder
  • lupus- targets red and white blood cells, platelets, etc
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • sjogrens syndrome
  • multiple sclerosis - targets myelin sheath
  • type 1 diabetes
    -graves disease
98
Q

what happens in the type 1 reaction

A

-IgE antibody is induced
-binds to mast cells and basophils
- the allergen cross links bound IgE and induces degranulation of mast cells and basophils

99
Q

what happens in the type 2 reaction

A

antigens on a cell surface combine with antibody; this leads to complement mediate lysis

100
Q

what happens in the type 3 reaction

A

antigen antibody immune complexes are deposited in tissues, complement is activated and polymorphonuclear cells are attracted to the site. they released lysosomal enzymes causing tissue damage

101
Q

what happens in the type 4 reaction

A

helper T lymphocytes sensitized by an antigen release lymphokines upon second contact with the same antigen. the lymphokines induce inflammation and activate macrophages, which in turn release various mediators

102
Q

where are mast cells and basophils most concentrated

A

in the lung, skin and GI tract

103
Q

what does the release of secretory products from mast cell granules (histamine) do

A

increases vascular permeability, vasodilation, bronchial and visceral smooth muscle contraction, salivary and bronchial secretions and inflammation

104
Q

what is the effect of a type 1 reaction do to respiratory resistance and BP

A

increases respiratory resistance and decreases BP

105
Q

why can type 1 reactions be life threatening

A

bronchoconstriction and vasodilation causing hypotension and anaphalyxis

106
Q

how long does a type 1 rxn take

A

within minutes

107
Q

how long can IgE remain in the tissues

A

for years

108
Q

what happens in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions if re exposed

A

the allergen contract the mast cells and stimulate degranulation and person can react immediately upon exposure

109
Q

what is the late phase reaction in type 1 hypersensitivty reactions

A

-inflammatory infiltration of eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes 2-4 hours after degranulation of mast cells and basophils

110
Q

what are the treatment/preventative options for type 1 allergic responses

A

-avoid the allergen
-take drugs that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells or chemical mediators
-undergo densitization therapy

111
Q

what does desensitization therapy consist of

A
  • controlled injections of the antigen
    -works by producing IgG antibodies rather than IgE
112
Q

what are IgG antibodies considered to be

A

blocking antibodies

113
Q

if you are allergic what type of antibodies do you produce in response to environmental allergens

A

IgE

114
Q

what type of things trigger IgE antibody production

A

-hay fever
-asthma
-drug insensitivity such as penicillin
-food allergies
- urticaria
-anaphylaxis

115
Q

what are the most common food allergies

A

peanuts
-fish
-cow milk
-eggs
-shellfish
-soybeans

116
Q

what are type 4 hypersensitivity reactions mediated y

A

T cells

117
Q

what happens in a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

-helper and cytotoxic T cells are activated and produce a cell mediated immune reaction which stimulates macrophage recruitment and inflammation

118
Q

how long does it take for type 4 hypersensitivity reaction to kick in

A

delayed 1-2 days

119
Q

where are type 4 hypersensitivity reactions restricted to

A

tissue area exposed to the pathogen

120
Q

what is a common example of a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

contact dermatitis

121
Q

how do helper t cells and cytotoxic T cells respond upon repeat exposure in type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

A

increased response on repeated exposures

Physiology (41 decks)

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