Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > NS VI Taste and Smell > Flashcards

NS VI Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

what are taste papillae

A

peripheral organs of gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do taste papillae contain

A

taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the functional units of gustation

A

taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do taste buds contain

A

taste receptor clls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what cell type are taste receptor cells

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are taste receptor cells located

A

on cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is there a turnover of taste receptor cells

A

yes very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are basal cells

A

cells that can differentiate into taste receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are taste papillae located

A

tongue, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the types of papillae

A

filiform papillae, circumvallate papilla, fungiform papilla, foliate papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where are circumvallate papillae found

A

dorsal surface of the tongue, makes a V shaped line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are foliate papillae located

A

posterolateral border of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are fungiform papillae located

A

anterior dorsal surface of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are extralingual papillae located

A

on soft and hard palate, larynx, epiglottis and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what activates taste receptors

A

tastants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many taste types do taste receptor cells have

A

multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what taste receptor genes and protein do sweet, bitter, and umami tastes utilize

A

TR1 and TR2 which use the G protein gustducin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of receptors do sweet bitter and umami tastes use

A

metabotropic GPCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of receptors do sour and salty tastes use

A

ionotropic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is sour taste stimulated by

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is sour taste strongly linked to

A

salivation and contraction of facial muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the stimuli for sweet taste

A

sugars, glycols, alcohols, artificial sweeteners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what proteins are involved in the sweet taste receptor

A

T1R2 and T1R3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the stimuli for bitter tastes

A

organic, K+, denatonium, caffeine, strychnine, quinine, nicotine, broccoli, brussel sprouts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what taste has highest number of receptors
bitter
26
what taste has lowest threshold for perception
bitter
27
what receptor family are bitter taste receptors
T2R family
28
what are denatonium salts
used to prevent inappropriate ingestion
29
what stimulates salty taste
Na+ and somewhat by Cl-
30
what is the receptor of salty taste
ENaC
31
what is the stimulus for umami tastes
MSG
32
what is the receptor for umami taste
metabotropic glutamate receptor
33
what is the taste signaling cascade in the mouth
1. binding of tastant to receptor causes release of calcium into the cytosol 2. the calcium activates the channel to allow entry of sodium ions, depolarizing the cell -pannexin channels open and release ATP from the cell -purinergic receptors on sensory nerve fibers are activated and send signal to the brain
34
what might sweet receptors be involved in in the rest of the body
insulin stimulation
35
what might bitter receptors be involved in in the stomach
stimulate CCK and emesis
36
what might bitter receptors be involved in in the colon
induce osmotic gradient -> diarrhea
37
when is taste specificity best
at low ligand concentrations
38
what else does taste depend on besides taste receptors
smell
39
where does taste adaptation occur
50% of it occurs at the receptor
40
what makes supertasters different
have more taste buds and more afferent gustatory neurons
41
what do taste receptor cells synapse with
first order neurons
42
what cranial nerves do taste neurons enter the CNS through
nerves 7,9, and 10
43
what does the facial nerve contribute to taste
-chorda tympani branch - anterior 2/3 of tongue - greater petrosal superficial nerve - papillae on soft palate
44
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve contribute to taste
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
45
what does the vagus nerve contribute to taste
pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
46
where do first order and second order taste neurons synapse
in the nucleus tractus solitarii in the medulla
47
describe the NTS in the medulla and what is receives input for
purely sensory nucleus and it receives input for taste, chemoreceptors, aortic bodies
48
where are third order taste neurons cell bodies located
in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
49
where are second order neurons cell bodies located
in the gustatory division of the nucleus of the solitary tract
50
how many olfactory chemicals can one receptor respond to
only one kind
51
what type of neurons are olfactory neurons
bipolar
52
where do olfactory nuerons synapses occur
in the olfactory bulb
53
what type of neurons are olfactory cells
primary afferent neurons
54
what do the cilia interact with
odorants in mucus
55
what do olfactory receptor cells pass through and what do they synapse with
pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
56
what are glomeruli
globular structures in the olfactory bulbs and it is where the short axons from olfactory receptor cells terminate and dendrites from mitral cells
57
what causes depolarization of olfactory receptors
odorants
58
how many olfactory receptor cells with one type of odorant receptor project to one olfactory glomerulus
just one
59
how many functional olfactory genes are in humans
over 500
60
what are GPCRs coupled to
adenylyl cyclase
61
what type of receptors are for olfactory
GPCRs
62
how do GPCRs work with olfactory receptors when stimulated
odorant binds, ATP converted into cAMP, cAMP opens sodium channels to depolarize olfactory neuron, odorant synapses with mitral cell
63
to be perceived, odorants must...
-be volatile -be partially water soluble - be partially lipid soluble -reach olfactory mucosa
64
when is 50% of adaptation achieved
in the first second
65
what do granule cells do
inhibit mitral cells to send a less strong message
66
how is smell perception terminated
odorants must diffuse away, be broken down by enzymes, or adaptation
67
are olfactory receptor proteins dedicated to single odorants
NO
68
where does the olfactory nerve enter the brain
at the juntion of the midbrain and the cerebrum then divides into two pathways
69
what are the two pathways of the olfactory nerve
-medial olfactory area - lateral olfactory area
70
where does the medial olfactory area go
to hypothalamus and limbic system for olfactory reflexes
71
what are the two parts of the lateral olfactory area and where do they go
-the less old olfactory system: limbic system - the newer system: orbitofrontale
72
what is the less old olfactory system responsible for
automatic but learned control of food intake and aversion to toxic and unhealthy foods
73
what is the newer system responsible for
conscious perception and analysis of olfaction
74
what is taste/ olfactory agnosia
inability to interpret taste or smell
75
are gustatory disorders associated with aging
no
76
are olfactory disorders associated with aging
yes
77
what are common causes of taste disorders
-oral products and medications alter taste
78
what are common causes of olfactory disorders
-smoking and upper respiratory tract infections -age - head trauma - neurodegenerative diseases, tumors -medications can alter smell

Physiology (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions