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Physiology > ENDO 1- General endocrinology > Flashcards

ENDO 1- General endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

provides broadcast regulation of many tissues

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2
Q

what is the specificity of the endocrine system due to

A

receptors

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3
Q

what are the 3 things hormones regulate

A

-maintenance of homeostasis
-growth and differentiation
-reproduction

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4
Q

what hormones maintain homeostasis

A

thyroid hormone, insulin, PTH, vasopressin, aldosterone

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5
Q

what hormones participate in growth and differentation

A

growth hormone, thyroid hormone

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6
Q

what hormones participate in reproduction

A

-LH
-FSH
-Estrogen
- progesterone
-testosterone

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7
Q

what are the specialized endocrine glands

A

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- pineal gland

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8
Q

what endocrine cells are in the hypothalamus

A

TRH,CRH

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9
Q

what endocrine cells are in the skin

A

vitamin D

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10
Q

what endocrine cells are in the liver

A

iGF-1

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11
Q

what endocrine cells are in the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

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12
Q

what endocrine cells are in the kidney

A

renin, epo, and vitamin D

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13
Q

what are the classes of hormones

A

-proteins and polypeptides
-steroids
- derivatives of tyrosine

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14
Q

where are protein and polypeptide hormones found

A

hypothalamus
-anterior pituitary
-posterior pituitary
-pancreas

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15
Q

what is the process of synthesis in protein and polypeptide hormones

A

synthesized first as a preprohormone
-converted to prohormone
-prohormone is cleaved into the active hormone and inactive fragments

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16
Q

are protein and polypeptide hormones made on demand

A

no they are made early then stored

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17
Q

what steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol

A

-cholesterol
- DHEA
-androstenedione
-aldosterone
-cortisol
- testoterone
-estradiol

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18
Q

where are steroid hormones from

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes

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19
Q

what type of steroid hormone is cortisol

A

glucocorticoid

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20
Q

what type of steroid hormone is aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

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21
Q

are steroid hormones made on demand

A

yes

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22
Q

what are amine hormones derived from

A

amino acid tyrosine

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23
Q

what are examples of amine hormones

A

thyroid hormone and adrenal medullary neurohormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

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24
Q

are amine hormones produced on demand

A

no they are made early

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25
Q

how are amine hormones stored

A

thyroid hormones bind to the protein thyroglobulin
-epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis

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26
Q

what makes thyroid hormones an exception to transport across a membrane

A

the carbon rings make it slightly hydrophobic which allows it to diffuse across the membrane freely and bind to intracellular receptors

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27
Q

what do binding proteins do

A

serve as a reservoir for the hormone and prolong the hormone’s half life

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28
Q

what type of the hormone is the active form of the hormone

A

the free or unbound hormone

29
Q

how do the majority of amines peptides, and protein hormones circulate

A

in their free form

30
Q

how do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate

A

bound to specific transport proteins

31
Q

what do globulin and albumin bind to

A

hormones

32
Q

what does thyroid hormone travel in plasma bound to

A

thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and transthyretin (TTR) and albumin

33
Q

where are most binding proteins synthesized

A

in the liver

34
Q

what could changes in liver function do to binding protein levels

A

could alter them and indirectly affect plasma hormone levels

35
Q

do binding proteins cross the membrane and enter the target cell

A

no they stay in the blood vessel and it unbinds the hormone which crosses the membrane alone

36
Q

what is the fluctuation in plasma hormone levels due to

A

hormonal, neural, nutritional and environmental factors

37
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol

A

tonic

38
Q

when is cortisol the highest

A

in the early morning

39
Q

what is pulsatile secretion

A

secreted in pulses

40
Q

what is an example of a hormone that has pulsatile secretion

A

growth hormone

41
Q

the location of the hormone receptor depends on ___

A

the chemical properties of the hormone (lipophilic/lipophobic)

42
Q

what does ligand/receptor binding demonstrate

A

specificity, affinity, and saturation

43
Q

what types of hormones use plasma membrane receptors

A

polypeptide, protein and amine hormones

44
Q

what are the peptide and protein hormones that use plasma membrane receptors

A

glucagon, angiotensin, GnRH, SS, GHRH, FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH

45
Q

what are the amino acid hormones that use plasma membrane receptors

A

epi and NE

46
Q

which type of hormones use nuclear receptors

A

thyroid and steroid hormones

47
Q

what do hormones that bind to nuclear receptors cause

A

changes in gene expression, biological response, and protein synthesis

48
Q

which type of receptors elicit a faster response

A

plasma membrane receptors

49
Q

what are the plasma membrane hormone receptors

A

-GPCRs
- tyrosine kinase: insulin
-serine kinase
-cytokine: leptin

50
Q

what hormones use Gs coupled receptors

A

beta adrenergic, calcitonin, ACTH, glucagon, TSH, vasopressin

51
Q

what second messenger do plasma membrane hormone Gs coupled receptors use

A

cAMP

52
Q

what hormones use Gq coupled receptors

A

alpha adrenergic, angiotensin II, TRH

53
Q

what second messengers do Gq coupled receptors use

A

IP3, DAG and Ca2+

54
Q

where are nuclear hormone receptors found

A

either in cytoplasm or nucleus

55
Q

how do nuclear hormone receptors work (mechanism)

A

the hormone receptor complex binds to a hormone responsive element in the promoter region of a gene which leads to either activation or repression of transcription and forms new proteins

56
Q

what are the effects of combined actions of hormones

A

-antagonism
-additive
-synergistic
-permissiveness

57
Q

what is permissiveness

A

presence of one hormone required to see the max effect of another hormone

58
Q

explain the 5 steps in regulation of thyroid hormone secretion

A

-stimulus causes the hypothalamus to secrete TRH which acts on the anterior pituitary
- thyrotropic cells in the anterior pituitary release TSH
- TSH stimulates follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
- TH stimulates target cells to increase metabolic activities resulting in an increase in basal body temperature
- increased body temperature is detected by the hypothalamus and secretion of TRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited. TH also blocks TRH receptors on the thyrotropic cells inhibiting synthesis and release of TSH. both effects indirectly dampen TH production in the thyroid

59
Q

how do endocrine orders occur

A

when negative feedback loops dont function properly

60
Q

what is a primary disorder

A

abnormality in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either hypo or hyper secretion

61
Q

what are the causes of primary hyposecretion

A

-partial destruction of the gland
- dietary deficiency
- enzyme deficiency required for hormone synthesis

62
Q

what is the cause of primary hypersecretion

A

a tumor in the endocrine gland

63
Q

what are secondary disorders caused by

A

an abnormality in tropic hormone leading to either hypo or hyper secretion

64
Q

what causes secondary hyposecretion

A

a lack of sufficient tropic hormone

65
Q

what causes secondary hypersecretion

A

a tumor either in an endocrine gland that secretes tropic hormone or in non-endocrine tissues that secretes hormones

66
Q

what is another name for secondary hypersecretion

A

paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome

67
Q

what happens with cortisol in primary hypersecretion

A

-the adrenal gland is abnormal and secreting excess cortisol. it acts back on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and results in decrease CRH from hypothalamus and decrease ACTH from the anterior pituitary

68
Q

what happens with cortisol in secondary hypersecretion

A

the problem starts with the anterior pituitary that secretes excess ACTH resulting in excess cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland. this acts back on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary but regulation is inadequate in anterior pituitary but decreases CRH in the hypothalamus

69
Q

what are the diagnostic tests of endocrine function

A

-plasma hormone levels
- autoantibodies
-urine hormone or hormone metabolite levels
- stimulation tests by administrating of a tropic or stimulating hormone
- suppression tests when hyperfunction of an endocrine organ is suspected
- measurement of hormone receptor presence, number and affinity
- imaging

Physiology (41 decks)

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