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Physiology > NS III CNS overview and voluntary motor control pathways > Flashcards

NS III CNS overview and voluntary motor control pathways Flashcards

1
Q

where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

A

the dorsal root

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2
Q

where do sensory neurons synapse with the interneurons and/or motor neurons

A

in the gray matter

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3
Q

where do motor neurons exit the spinal cord

A

the ventral root

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4
Q

what does gray matter contain? white matter?

A

gray: neuron cell bodies and interneurons
white: axons

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5
Q

what do the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract contain

A

ascending sensory axons

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6
Q

what does the corticospinal tract contain

A

descending motor axons

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7
Q

where is the spinothalamic tract located

A

lateral portion of spinal cord in the white matter

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8
Q

what side of the body does the dorsal column transmit info

A

ipsilateral

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9
Q

what side of the body does the corticospinal tract transmit info

A

ipsilateral

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10
Q

what side of the body does the spinothalamic tract transmit info

A

contralateral

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11
Q

what are the specialized areas in the frontal lobe

A

-premotor and primary motor cortex
- prefrontal cortex
- broca’s area

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12
Q

what are the specialized areas in the parietal lobe

A

-primary sensory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex

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13
Q

what are the specialized areas in the temporal lobe

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary olfactory cortex
  • wernicke’s area
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14
Q

what are the specialized areas in the occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

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15
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal association area

A

-decreased aggressiveness and inappropriate social responses
- ability to progress towards goals or carry through sequential thoughts
- keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall the information as needed

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16
Q

where are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas located and what is the function of each?

A
  • in the left cerebral hemisphere
  • Brocas: production of speech
    -wernickes: interpretation of spoken and written language
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17
Q

how do you describe wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia

A

werkickes: fluent, receptive
brocas: non-fluent, expressive

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18
Q

what is the basal nuclei

A

an accessory motor system that functions in close association with the cerebral cortex and the corticospinal descending motor pathway
-nuclei that are associated with the cerebrum

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19
Q

what are the components of the basal nuclei

A

-caudate nucleus
-putamen
- globus pallidus
- subthalamic nucleus

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20
Q

what is parkinson’s disease and what is the cause

A

-hypokinetic disorders due to damage to the direct pathway

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21
Q

what is huntingtons disease and what is the cause

A

hyperkinetic movement disorder from damage to the indirect pathway
-loss of GABAergic neurons

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22
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

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23
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

-sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex
-motor control pathways synapse center

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24
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis that impacts the autonomic, endocrine and limbic systems

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25
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

secrete melatonin

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26
Q

what is the subthalamus involved in

A

the basal ganglia and control of voluntary movement

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27
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

emotion and memory

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28
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

mediates the fear response

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29
Q

what are the components of the midbrain

A

-substantia nigra
-red nucleus
- superior and inferior colliculi
- reticular formation
- periaqueductal gray region (PAG)

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30
Q

what does the periaqueductal gray region do

A

inhibits pain transmission through the descending pathway
-activates nuerons in the nucleus raphe magnus and rostral venrtomedial medulla that project to the spinal cord and release serotonin and norepinephrine

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31
Q

what do the superior and inferior colliculi form and what does it do

A

the tectospinal tract. causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli

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32
Q

what are the components of the pons

A

-pneumotaxic center
-reticular formation
-pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei
-swallowing cener

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33
Q

what does the pneumotaxic center do

A

regulates centers in the medulla and controls respiration

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34
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

motor control of posture, muscle tone, and learning of repeated motor functions

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35
Q

what are pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei responsible for

A

motor control

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36
Q

what are the areas of the cerebullem

A

-vestibulocerebellum
-spinocerebellum
-cerebrocerebellum

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37
Q

what makes up the medulla oblongata

A

-autonomic control centers
-nucleus raphe magnus and rostral ventromedial medulla
-medullary reticular nuclei
-pyramids
-reticular formation

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38
Q

what do the autonomic control centers in the medulla oblongata regulate

A

cardiovascular, respiratory, swallowing,vomitting etc

39
Q

what do nucleus raphe magnus (serotonin) and rostral ventromedial medulla (norepinephrine) do

A

release NT onto the dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals

40
Q

what are pyramids in the medulla oblongata

A

motor axons of the corticospinal tract

41
Q

what does the reticular excitatory activating system do

A

activates the cortex via the thalamus. pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area

42
Q

what is one of the NTs in the reticular excitatory activating system

A

AcH

43
Q

what is consciousness maintained by

A

the RAS

44
Q

what would a coma result from

A

lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

what is alzheimers caused by

A

degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the nucelus basalis of meynert

46
Q

what is the function of serotonin

A

affects sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior and hormone secretion

47
Q

what is the raphe nuclei located in the medulla oblongata

A

nucleus raphe magnus

48
Q

what does dopamine regulate

A

reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity

49
Q

what causes parkinsons disease

A

neurons in the substantia nigra compacta project to the basal nuclei that release dopamine degenerate

50
Q

what is dysfunction of the neurons in the ventral tegmental area pathway associated with

A

addiction, schizophrenia, and psychoses and learning deficits

51
Q

what does norepinephrine do

A

facilitates excitatory synpatic transmission leading to attention and arousal

52
Q

what is the pyramidal/direct pathway and what does it do

A

UMNs from the cerebral cortex initiate and direct sequences of voluntary movement

53
Q

what is another word for the pyramidal/direct pathway

A

corticospinal pathway

54
Q

what is the extrapyramidal/indirect pathway and what does it do

A

UMNs originate in motor centers in the brainstem and direct subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of the head and body

55
Q

what does damage to UMN cause

A

spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body resulting in increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes like Babinski reflex

56
Q

what does damage to LMN cause

A

flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body. there is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers and tone is decreased or lost

57
Q

what type of neuron is the LMN and what NT does it release

A

cholinergic, releases AcH that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle

58
Q

what are the regions of the motor cortex

A

-premotor cortex
-supplementary motor cortex
-primary motor cortex

59
Q

what does the premotor cortex do

A

sets posture at the start of planned movement
-determines overall motor plan

60
Q

what does the primary motor complex do

A

activates specific muscles to execute the plan

61
Q

what is most of the primary motor cortex devoted to

A

controlling the muscles of the hands and muscles of speech

62
Q

what does the supplementary motor cortex do

A

organizes or plans motor sequences

63
Q

what would a lesion in the supplementary motor cortex cause

A

awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination

64
Q

what do axons from neurons in the supplementary and primary motor cortex make up

A

the corticospinal (lateral and ventral) and corticobulbar tracts

65
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the corticospinal tract

A

lateral and anterior

66
Q

what do axons do in the lateral corticospinal tract

A

90% of the axons cross to the contralateral side in the M.O

67
Q

what do axons in the anterior corticospinal tract do

A

axons cross over in the spinal cord before synapsing with the LMN

68
Q

where do axons in the corticospinal tracts synapse in the spinal cord with the LMN

A

ventral horn

69
Q

where do axon fibers in the corticobulbar tract originate and terminate

A

originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem

70
Q

what cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract

A

CN 3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11, and 12

71
Q

what does the LMN in the corticobulbar tract do

A

control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx

72
Q

where do nerve fibers in the corticopsinal tract originate

A

in the motor cortex

73
Q

what are the indirect or extrapyramidal traccts

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal

74
Q

what is the location of the UMN in the rubrospinal tract and its function

A

location of UMN: red nucleus in midbrain
function: route from motor cortex to spinal cord. upper limb muscle tone and movement

75
Q

what is the location of the UMN in the tectospinal tract and its function

A

location of UMN: midbrain -superior and inferior colliculi
function: regulation of eye, head, neck and upper limb position in response to visual and auditory stimuli

76
Q

what is the superior colliculus associated with? inferior?

A

superior: visual
inferior: auditory

77
Q

what is the location of the UMN in the vestibulospinal tract and what is its function

A

location of UMN: vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla)
function: transmit excitatory signals that regulate antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone

78
Q

what is the location of the UMN in the reticulospinal tract and what is its function

A

location of UMN: medial RS (pons) and lateral RS ( medulla)
function: regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements

79
Q

whats a rule of thumb for neurons crossing over in indirect pathway

A

if they start in midbrain they cross over, if they start in pons of M.O they dont cross over

80
Q

if a fiber does not cross over what side of the body does it control muscles on

A

the same side

81
Q

what does the pontine RS pathway do and what is it regulated by

A

activates axial muscles of the body. regulated by the vestibular nuclei, cerebellar nuclei, and cerebral cortex

82
Q

what does the medullary RS pathway do

A

it is an antagonist to the activity of the pontine RS pathway

83
Q

what does the medullary reticular nuclei receive input from

A

the corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract

84
Q

what do the basal nuclei do

A

initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements and establish a normal amount of muscle tone

85
Q

what do dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra do

A

turns down the indirect pathway leading to increased motor activity

86
Q

what do cholinergic neurons in striatal interneurons do

A

turns up the indirect pathway leading to less motor activity

87
Q

what are clinical manifestations of parkinson’s disease

A

bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidty, pill rolling, tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, depression dementia

88
Q

what are the dental implications of parkinsons disease

A

tremor can impact the tongue and lips impacting mastication, swallowing and speech. medications can cause xerostomia, burning mouth, drooling and less caries/more teeth

89
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of huntington’s disease

A

chorea, athetosis, personality changes and dementia

90
Q

what are the dental implications of huntingtons disease

A

grimacing, speech difficulties and dysphagia, involuntary mouth and jaw movements

91
Q

what would be the effect of a lesion in the spinocerebellum

A

-ataxia
-dysdiadokinesia
-dysmetria
-intention tremor
-hypotonia
in proximal musculature

92
Q

what would be the effect of a lesion on the vestibulocerebellum

A

vertigo and nystagmus, proximal musculature

93
Q

what would be the effect of a lesion on the cerebrocerebellum

A

affects distal limb musculature and abnormal coordination of ipsilateral movements, dysdiadokinesia, dysmetria, intention tremor

Physiology (41 decks)

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