Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > NS III CNS overview and voluntary motor control pathways > Flashcards

NS III CNS overview and voluntary motor control pathways Flashcards

1
Q

where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

A

the dorsal root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do sensory neurons synapse with the interneurons and/or motor neurons

A

in the gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do motor neurons exit the spinal cord

A

the ventral root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does gray matter contain? white matter?

A

gray: neuron cell bodies and interneurons
white: axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract contain

A

ascending sensory axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the corticospinal tract contain

A

descending motor axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is the spinothalamic tract located

A

lateral portion of spinal cord in the white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what side of the body does the dorsal column transmit info

A

ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what side of the body does the corticospinal tract transmit info

A

ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what side of the body does the spinothalamic tract transmit info

A

contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the specialized areas in the frontal lobe

A

-premotor and primary motor cortex
- prefrontal cortex
- broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the specialized areas in the parietal lobe

A

-primary sensory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the specialized areas in the temporal lobe

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary olfactory cortex
  • wernicke’s area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the specialized areas in the occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal association area

A

-decreased aggressiveness and inappropriate social responses
- ability to progress towards goals or carry through sequential thoughts
- keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall the information as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas located and what is the function of each?

A
  • in the left cerebral hemisphere
  • Brocas: production of speech
    -wernickes: interpretation of spoken and written language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do you describe wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia

A

werkickes: fluent, receptive
brocas: non-fluent, expressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the basal nuclei

A

an accessory motor system that functions in close association with the cerebral cortex and the corticospinal descending motor pathway
-nuclei that are associated with the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the components of the basal nuclei

A

-caudate nucleus
-putamen
- globus pallidus
- subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is parkinson’s disease and what is the cause

A

-hypokinetic disorders due to damage to the direct pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is huntingtons disease and what is the cause

A

hyperkinetic movement disorder from damage to the indirect pathway
-loss of GABAergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

-sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex
-motor control pathways synapse center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis that impacts the autonomic, endocrine and limbic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does the pineal gland do
secrete melatonin
26
what is the subthalamus involved in
the basal ganglia and control of voluntary movement
27
what is the limbic system involved in
emotion and memory
28
what is the function of the amygdala
mediates the fear response
29
what are the components of the midbrain
-substantia nigra -red nucleus - superior and inferior colliculi - reticular formation - periaqueductal gray region (PAG)
30
what does the periaqueductal gray region do
inhibits pain transmission through the descending pathway -activates nuerons in the nucleus raphe magnus and rostral venrtomedial medulla that project to the spinal cord and release serotonin and norepinephrine
31
what do the superior and inferior colliculi form and what does it do
the tectospinal tract. causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli
32
what are the components of the pons
-pneumotaxic center -reticular formation -pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei -swallowing cener
33
what does the pneumotaxic center do
regulates centers in the medulla and controls respiration
34
what is the function of the cerebellum
motor control of posture, muscle tone, and learning of repeated motor functions
35
what are pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei responsible for
motor control
36
what are the areas of the cerebullem
-vestibulocerebellum -spinocerebellum -cerebrocerebellum
37
what makes up the medulla oblongata
-autonomic control centers -nucleus raphe magnus and rostral ventromedial medulla -medullary reticular nuclei -pyramids -reticular formation
38
what do the autonomic control centers in the medulla oblongata regulate
cardiovascular, respiratory, swallowing,vomitting etc
39
what do nucleus raphe magnus (serotonin) and rostral ventromedial medulla (norepinephrine) do
release NT onto the dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals
40
what are pyramids in the medulla oblongata
motor axons of the corticospinal tract
41
what does the reticular excitatory activating system do
activates the cortex via the thalamus. pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area
42
what is one of the NTs in the reticular excitatory activating system
AcH
43
what is consciousness maintained by
the RAS
44
what would a coma result from
lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres
45
what is alzheimers caused by
degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the nucelus basalis of meynert
46
what is the function of serotonin
affects sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior and hormone secretion
47
what is the raphe nuclei located in the medulla oblongata
nucleus raphe magnus
48
what does dopamine regulate
reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity
49
what causes parkinsons disease
neurons in the substantia nigra compacta project to the basal nuclei that release dopamine degenerate
50
what is dysfunction of the neurons in the ventral tegmental area pathway associated with
addiction, schizophrenia, and psychoses and learning deficits
51
what does norepinephrine do
facilitates excitatory synpatic transmission leading to attention and arousal
52
what is the pyramidal/direct pathway and what does it do
UMNs from the cerebral cortex initiate and direct sequences of voluntary movement
53
what is another word for the pyramidal/direct pathway
corticospinal pathway
54
what is the extrapyramidal/indirect pathway and what does it do
UMNs originate in motor centers in the brainstem and direct subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of the head and body
55
what does damage to UMN cause
spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body resulting in increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes like Babinski reflex
56
what does damage to LMN cause
flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body. there is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers and tone is decreased or lost
57
what type of neuron is the LMN and what NT does it release
cholinergic, releases AcH that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle
58
what are the regions of the motor cortex
-premotor cortex -supplementary motor cortex -primary motor cortex
59
what does the premotor cortex do
sets posture at the start of planned movement -determines overall motor plan
60
what does the primary motor complex do
activates specific muscles to execute the plan
61
what is most of the primary motor cortex devoted to
controlling the muscles of the hands and muscles of speech
62
what does the supplementary motor cortex do
organizes or plans motor sequences
63
what would a lesion in the supplementary motor cortex cause
awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination
64
what do axons from neurons in the supplementary and primary motor cortex make up
the corticospinal (lateral and ventral) and corticobulbar tracts
65
what are the 2 divisions of the corticospinal tract
lateral and anterior
66
what do axons do in the lateral corticospinal tract
90% of the axons cross to the contralateral side in the M.O
67
what do axons in the anterior corticospinal tract do
axons cross over in the spinal cord before synapsing with the LMN
68
where do axons in the corticospinal tracts synapse in the spinal cord with the LMN
ventral horn
69
where do axon fibers in the corticobulbar tract originate and terminate
originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem
70
what cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract
CN 3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11, and 12
71
what does the LMN in the corticobulbar tract do
control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx
72
where do nerve fibers in the corticopsinal tract originate
in the motor cortex
73
what are the indirect or extrapyramidal traccts
rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal
74
what is the location of the UMN in the rubrospinal tract and its function
location of UMN: red nucleus in midbrain function: route from motor cortex to spinal cord. upper limb muscle tone and movement
75
what is the location of the UMN in the tectospinal tract and its function
location of UMN: midbrain -superior and inferior colliculi function: regulation of eye, head, neck and upper limb position in response to visual and auditory stimuli
76
what is the superior colliculus associated with? inferior?
superior: visual inferior: auditory
77
what is the location of the UMN in the vestibulospinal tract and what is its function
location of UMN: vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla) function: transmit excitatory signals that regulate antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone
78
what is the location of the UMN in the reticulospinal tract and what is its function
location of UMN: medial RS (pons) and lateral RS ( medulla) function: regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements
79
whats a rule of thumb for neurons crossing over in indirect pathway
if they start in midbrain they cross over, if they start in pons of M.O they dont cross over
80
if a fiber does not cross over what side of the body does it control muscles on
the same side
81
what does the pontine RS pathway do and what is it regulated by
activates axial muscles of the body. regulated by the vestibular nuclei, cerebellar nuclei, and cerebral cortex
82
what does the medullary RS pathway do
it is an antagonist to the activity of the pontine RS pathway
83
what does the medullary reticular nuclei receive input from
the corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract
84
what do the basal nuclei do
initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements and establish a normal amount of muscle tone
85
what do dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra do
turns down the indirect pathway leading to increased motor activity
86
what do cholinergic neurons in striatal interneurons do
turns up the indirect pathway leading to less motor activity
87
what are clinical manifestations of parkinson's disease
bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidty, pill rolling, tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, depression dementia
88
what are the dental implications of parkinsons disease
tremor can impact the tongue and lips impacting mastication, swallowing and speech. medications can cause xerostomia, burning mouth, drooling and less caries/more teeth
89
what are the clinical manifestations of huntington's disease
chorea, athetosis, personality changes and dementia
90
what are the dental implications of huntingtons disease
grimacing, speech difficulties and dysphagia, involuntary mouth and jaw movements
91
what would be the effect of a lesion in the spinocerebellum
-ataxia -dysdiadokinesia -dysmetria -intention tremor -hypotonia in proximal musculature
92
what would be the effect of a lesion on the vestibulocerebellum
vertigo and nystagmus, proximal musculature
93
what would be the effect of a lesion on the cerebrocerebellum
affects distal limb musculature and abnormal coordination of ipsilateral movements, dysdiadokinesia, dysmetria, intention tremor

Physiology (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions