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MY NUR 326 > Respiratory disease pathophysiology > Flashcards

Respiratory disease pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures in upper respiratory tract

A

nasal passages, sinuses, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, tonsils, glottis

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2
Q

name the structures in lower respiratory tract

A

lower trachea, right and left bronchus, bronchial tree, lungs, pleural membranes, alveolar ducts, alveoli, mediastinum

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3
Q

order of conducting passages

A

Upper respiratory: nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx

Lower respiratory: trachea –> primary bronchi –> lungs

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4
Q

what is allergic rhinitis

A

an inflammatory disorder

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5
Q

clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis

A

sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, nasal congestion, and watery itchy eyes

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6
Q

what is allergic rhinitis triggered by

A

allergens that bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells - release inflammatory mediators

dust mites, mold

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7
Q

what is histamine

A

causes the majority of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions

  • can be drug-induced, food, contacts
  • hives or urticaria can develop
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8
Q

what are histamines

A

stored in the mast cells (skin and soft tissue) and the basophils (blood)

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9
Q

what can histamines cause when activated

A

hives and itching of skin
dilation of blood vessels resulting in erythema and hypotension
bronchoconstriction - shortness of air
effect sleep/wake cycles
increase the secretion of acid in the stomach

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10
Q

upper respiratory tract infection

A 
viral
self-limiting
rhinitis
sinusitis
laryngitis
laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
acute bronchitis
influenza
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11
Q

what is rhinitis

A

the common cold

respiratory droplet

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12
Q

s/s of rhinitis

A 
low-grade fever
headache
fatigue
nasal congestion
rhinorrhea
cough
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13
Q

what is sinusitis

A

may be secondary infection

anything in the nose can increase risk

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14
Q

what is rhinovirus

A

early fall, spring, and summer
lives up to 3 hrs outside body
-on skin surface and on objects (doorknobs)

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15
Q

how does rhinovirus spread

A

droplet

contaminated objects

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16
Q

s/s of sinusitis

A

pain above or below eyes
cloudy, green, or yellow discharge
congestion
throat irritation

17
Q

how to treat sinusitis

A

hard to treat with antibiotics
7 or more days
decongestants

18
Q

epiglottitis clinical diagnosis

A 
inspiratory stridor and retractions 
rapid onset of fever 
pain 
difficulty swallowing 
drooling (absence of barking cough differentiates from croup)
19
Q

what is the steeple sign indicative of

A

epiglottal swelling

20
Q

what drugs do you use to treat URIs

A

antihistamines
sympathomimetics
antitussives
expectorants

21
Q

MOA of antihistamines

A

block histamine release from receptors

22
Q

what are the indications for antihistamines

A

allergies, cold and flu symptoms

23
Q

what does an antihistamine treat

A

edema, inflammation, itch, rash, red/watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing

24
Q

what is a first generation antihistamine

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

25
Q

side effects of diphenhydramine

A

sedation, dry mouth, dizziness, low BP

26
Q

what drugs are sympathomimetics (decongestant)

A

phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

27
Q

MOA of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

A

mimics the action of SNS, activates alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels causing nasal turbinates to shrink and open nasal passage

28
Q

indications of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

A

reduce nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, common cold

29
Q

SE of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

A

SE related to CNS –> agitation, insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, heart palpitations

30
Q

Nursing considerations for pseudoephedrine

A

potential for abuse
one of the active ingredients in meth
limits on how much a patient can get

31
Q

patient education for sympathomimetics

A

do not use for more than 4 days –> rebound nasal congestion occurs if drug is abruptly stopped after prolonged use
-tapering off recommended

32
Q

what drugs are antitussive

A

dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate

33
Q

indication for antitussive

A

cough suppressant

34
Q

MOA of antitussive (dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate)

A

directly suppresses the cough reflex in the brain

35
Q

SE of dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate (Antitussive)

A

CNS depressant

  • DO NOT take with other CNS depressants
  • potential for abuse
36
Q

what drug is an expectorant

A

guaifenesin (Mucinex)

37
Q

MOA of guaifenesin

A

reduction in surface tension of secretion helping thin the mucus making it easier to expectorate

38
Q

SE of guaifenesin

A

few, mild GI distress

39
Q

nursing considerations for guaifenesin

A

be careful in patients with chronic cough/asthma

encourage fluid to help thin secretions as well

MY NUR 326 (12 decks)

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