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EMT > Respiratory & Airway Terminology > Flashcards

Respiratory & Airway Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved in one breath (500mL = avg. adult)

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2
Q

dead space

A

amount of air that is not available for gas exchange; moved in ventilation but does not reach alveoli (150mL = avg. adult)

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3
Q

minute volume

A

amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute
MV = TV x RR

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4
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen levels in the cells

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5
Q

hypoxemia

A

low oxygen levels in the arterial blood

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6
Q

ventilation

A

the process of air movement into and out of the lungs

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7
Q

perfusion

A

the circulation of blood through the lung tissues (alveoli)

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8
Q

diffusion

A

the process of gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

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9
Q

inspiration (inhalation)

A

active process that creates negative pressure

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10
Q

expiration (exhalation)

A

passive process that generates positive pressure

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11
Q

where is the respiratory center housed?

A

in the brainstem (specifically the medulla oblongata)

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12
Q

crackles (rales) - lung sounds

A

fine, bubbling sound heard on auscultation of the lung; produced by air entering the distal airways and alveoli that contain serous secretions

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13
Q

rhonchi - lung sounds

A

abnormal, coarse, rattling respiratory sounds, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways

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14
Q

stridor - lung sounds

A

abnormal, high-pitched, musical sound caused by an upper airway obstruction (subglottic)

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15
Q

wheezing

A

form of rhonchi, characterized by a high pitched, musical quality; produced in the lower airways (bronchioles)

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16
Q

tachypnea (respiratory patterns)

A

increased (fast) respirations

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16
Q

eupnea (respiratory patterns)

A

normal respirations

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17
Q

bradypnea (respiratory patterns)

A

decreased (slow) respirations

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18
Q

apnea

A

no respirations (not breathing)

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19
Q

Cheyne Stokes

A

abnormal respirations with regular, periodic breathing with intervals of apnea and a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of respirations

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20
Q

Biot’s

A

abnormal respirations characterized by regular deep inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea

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21
Q

Apneustic

A

abnormal rapid respirations associated with deep, gasping inspirations - most often associated with stroke or trauma

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22
Q

Kussmaul’s

A

rapid and deep respirations - most often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as a compensatory mechanism in an attempt to correct the body’s metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

head-tilt, chin-lift

A

means of correcting the blockage of the airway by the tongue, by tilting the head back and lifting the chin
- used when trauma is not suspected

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24
Q

jaw-thrust

A

used when trauma, or injury, is suspected to open the airway without causing further injury to the spinal cord in the neck
- if the patient is found unresponsive, then always consider it to be a traumatic injury

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25
Q

oropharyngeal airway (OPA)

A

used on patients without gag reflex, moves tongue forward as it curves back to pharynx
- measured from center of mouth to angle of jaw
- insert device along roof of mouth, rotation 180 degrees to sit anatomically (can insert in “normal” position in pediatrics)

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26
Q

nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)

A

used in patients with intact gag reflex, moves tongue and soft tissue forward to provide channel for air
- measured from patient’s nostril to the tip of the earlobe or to the angle to the jaw
- bevel always goes towards the nasal septum

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27
Q

nasal cannula

A

1-6L/min
24-44% oxygen concentration

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28
Q

nebulizer

A

nebulized albuterol, ipratopium, and epinephrine
- 4-6L/min
- 6-8 (mask)

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29
Q

non-rebreather mask

A

12-15L/min
80-100% oxygen concentration

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30
Q

bag valve mask

A

at least 15L/min
- deliver breath over 1 second of time, allow for adequate exhalation
- squeeze bag until you see chest rise, release bag
- avg. tidal volume in adult patient: 500mL
- avg. dead space in adult patient: 150mL
- 12 breaths per min in adults
- 20 breaths per min in pediatrics

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31
Q

oxygen cylinders

A
  • filled under a pressure of 2,000-2,200 psi
  • green color cylinders are commonly used in USA
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32
Q

at what psi is the safe residual pressure for oxygen cylinders (cylinder considered “empty”)?

A

200psi

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33
Q

suctioning

A
  • air intake of at least 30L/min
  • suction set at 80-120 for adults
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34
Q

what is the max seconds of suctioning for adults?

A

15 seconds

34
Q

what is the max seconds of suctioning for children?

A

10 seconds

35
Q

what is the max seconds of suctioning for infants?

A

5 seconds

36
Q

rigid suction

A
  • also called Yankauer tip
  • larger opening than soft suction catheters
  • used for suctioning large chunks of food, vomit, blood, teeth, thick secretions
37
Q

soft suction

A
  • also called flexible suction
  • smaller opening than rigid suction
  • can be passed through nasopharyngeal or endotracheal tube for suctioning
  • come in various sizes (larger the number = larger the opening of catheter)
  • not typically large enough to suction vomit or thick secretions
38
Q

what does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

39
Q

COPD

A

umbrella term that covers both chronic bronchitis and emphysema

40
Q

signs of chronic bronchitis

A
  • typically overweight
  • productive cough with sputum
  • coarse rhonchi
  • chronic cyanosis
  • mild, chronic dyspnea
  • resistance on inspiration and expiration
41
Q

signs of emphysema

A
  • thin, barrel-chest appearance
  • nonproductive cough
  • wheezing and rhonchi
  • pink complexion
  • extreme dyspnea on exertion
  • prolonged inspiration (pursed lip-breathing)
  • clubbing of fingers
42
Q

COPD management

A
  • oxygen and bronchodilators
  • albuterol (2.5mg in 3mL)
  • consider CPAP
  • contact ALS
43
Q

asthma

A
  • bronchoconstriction and inflammation
  • dyspnea
  • intercostal retractions
  • decreasing LOC
  • inability to speak in complete sentences
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
  • ETCO2 greater than 45mmHg
44
Q

status asthmaticus

A

severe, prolonged asthma attack that has not been stopped with repeated doses of bronchodilators

45
Q

what is the BLS prehospital treatment aimed at for asthma?

A

bronchodilation (albuterol)

46
Q

what is the ALS prehospital treatment aimed at for asthma?

A
  • bronchodilation
  • reducing inflammation
  • relaxing the smooth muscle of the airways
47
Q

management of asthma

A
  • oxygen and bronchodilators
  • albuterol (2.5mg in 3mL)
  • consider CPAP
  • contact ALS
48
Q

pneumonia

A
  • virus or bacteria
  • fever
  • dry skin
  • green/yellow sputum
  • unilateral breath sound issue (rales, diminished, absent, crackles)
49
Q

CHF

A
  • hypertension and left ventricular failure
  • no fever
  • pale
  • diaphoretic
  • moist skin
  • hypertension
  • bilateral breath sound issue (rales)
  • dependent edema-increased with laying flat
50
Q

what does CHF stand for?

A

congestive heart failure

51
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

rapid onset of difficulty breathing and chest pain (especially high suspicion in the patient without a significant cardiac or respiratory history)
- “a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body”

52
Q

pulmonary embolism common in which patients?

A
  • bedridden (chronically or after surgery)
  • long flights
  • history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • female patient (teens - 40 years) on birth control
  • history of smoking
53
Q

signs of pulmonary embolism

A
  • rapid onset of dyspnea
  • cough
  • pain
  • anxiety
  • hypertension
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
  • crackles, wheezes, rhonch
54
Q

treatment of pulmonary embolism

A

identification and rapid transport

55
Q

simple pneumothorax

A
  • presence of air in the pleural space
  • could be caused spontaneously or by trauma
  • breath sounds may be diminished or absent
  • patient may be becoming dyspneic and restless
  • tachypnea
56
Q

tension pneumothorax

A
  • accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes “tension” (obstruction)
  • Jugular Vein Distention (JVD)
  • hyper resonance on percussion
  • subcutaneous emphysema
  • patient will become hypotensive in late stages (obstructive shock)
57
Q

albuterol

A
  • beta-2 agonist
  • bronchodilator (dilates the bronchioles in lower airways)
58
Q

indications of albuterol

A

asthma, COPD, wheezing breath sounds

59
Q

dosage of albuterol

A

2.5mg in 3mL of normal saline, nebulized

60
Q

other facts about albuterol

A
  • patients commonly will have rescue inhalers
  • patients will likely have increased heart rate and “jitters” after administration
  • medications must be breathed deeply to reach alveoli (ask patients to take deep breaths and hold as long as possible)
61
Q

oxygen

A
  • a medication
  • never withhold oxygen from any patient (a patient in respiratory distress qualifies for high-flow oxygen)
  • 1-15LPM, depending on device
  • target SPO2 levels of 94-99% (especially in infants, suspected stroke and MI patients)
62
Q

what does MI stand for?

A

myocardial infarction

63
Q

dyspnea

A

“difficult or labored breathing”

64
Q

tachypnea

A

“abnormally, rapid breathing”

65
Q

pleural space

A

“the cavity that exists between the lungs and underneath the chest wall”

66
Q

Jugular Vein Distention (JVD)

A

“large veins in the neck bulge or swell”
- “when blood can’t flow properly”
- “increase blood pressure”

67
Q

subcutaneous emphysema

A

“condition where air or gas gets into the tissues under the skin”

68
Q

hypotension

A

“medical condition that occurs when blood pressure is lower than normal”

69
Q

obstructive shock

A

“something is obstructing blood from going into and out of your heart or great vessels”

70
Q

hypertension

A

“high blood pressure”

71
Q

tachycardia

A

“an abnormally rapid heart rate”

72
Q

edema

A

“swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in body’s tissues”

73
Q

diaphoretic

A

“excessive sweating”

74
Q

unilateral breath sounds

A

“breath sounds that are absent or unequal on one side of the chest”

75
Q

bilateral breath sounds

A

“equal breath sounds that come from both lungs”

76
Q

intercostal retractions

A

“medical emergency that occurs when the muscles and skin between the ribs pull inward while breathing in”

77
Q

ETCO2

A

“the amount of carbon dioxide released at the end of an exhaled breath”

78
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

“condition that occurs when the airways in the lungs narrow, making it difficult to breathe”

79
Q

emphysema (“pink puffer”)

A

“type of lung disease that causes breathlessness”
- “usually caused by cigarette smoking”

80
Q

chronic bronchitis (“blue bloater”)

A

“long-term inflammation of the bronchi”

81
Q

nonproductive cough

A

“cough that doesn’t produce mucus”
- a.k.a. “dry cough”

82
Q

productive cough

A

“cough that produces mucus”

83
Q

clubbing of fingers

A

“physical sign that causes the tips of fingers to enlarge and become rounder than normal”

EMT (20 decks)

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