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EMT > Cardiac Terminology > Flashcards

Cardiac Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

apex

A

bottom of heart

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2
Q

base

A

top of heart

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3
Q

way of remembering valves

A

Toilet Paper My A**

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4
Q

valves

A
  • tricuspid valve
  • pulmonic valve
  • mitral valve
  • aortic valve
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5
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of heart muscle

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6
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of heart muscle

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7
Q

pericardium/epicardium

A

outer layer of heart muscle

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8
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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9
Q

bradycardia

A

heart rate less than 60 bpm

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10
Q

tachycardia

A

heart rate greater than 100 bpm

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11
Q

what does ACS stand for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

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12
Q

ACS

A

“a group of conditions that can suddenly reduce or stop blood flow to the heart muscle”

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13
Q

signs of ACS

A
  • pain or pressure in chest
  • dyspnea
  • palpitations (fluttering sensation in chest)
  • diaphoresis
  • nausea, vomiting
  • anxiety, weakness
  • abnormal heart rate and/or bp
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14
Q

management of ACS

A
  • place patient in patient of comfort
  • oxygenation to achieve SPO2 94% or higher
  • transport immediately
  • administer or assist with aspirin
  • assist with nitroglycerin (repeat doses every 5 minutes; max of 3 times)
  • bp must be greater than 100mmHg systolically
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15
Q

systolic

A

“relating to the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries”

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16
Q

what does ASA stand for?

A

acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

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17
Q

palpitations (fluttering of chest)

A

“a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness”

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18
Q

what does CAD stand for?

A

coronary artery disease

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19
Q

CAD

A

“diseases that affect the arteries of the heart”

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20
Q

thrombus

A

clot formed of blood and plaque attached to inner wall of an artery

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21
Q

embolus

A

blockage of a vessel by a clot brought to the site by the blood flow

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22
Q

atherosclerosis

A

calcium and cholesterol build up inside the walls of blood vessels, leading to ischemia

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23
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arterial walls, preventing adequate vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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24
Q

ischemia

A

“an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body”

25
Q

vasoconstriction

A

“the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls”

26
Q

vasodilation

A

“when blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering blood pressure”

27
Q

angina

A
  • term for “pain in the chest”
  • occurs when the heart’s demand for oxygen exceeds the blood’s oxygen supply
28
Q

causes of angina

A
  • commonly caused by atherosclerosis and CAD
  • may also result from a spasm of the coronary arteries
29
Q

management of angina

A
  • patients will have prescription for nitroglycerin (tablets, spray, or film)
  • relieve anxiety/pain
  • place patient in a position of comfort
  • administer oxygen
  • obtain a 12 lead EKG
  • consider oxygen
  • consider aspirin (81-325mg)
  • consider nitroglycerin
30
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • portion of the myocardium dies as a result of inadequate oxygenated blood supply
  • other terms (AMI, MI, Heart attack)
  • blockage of a coronary artery leads to myocardial ischemia, injury, and the infarction
31
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

“occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough blood flow and oxygen to function properly”

32
Q

infarction

A

muscle/tissue death

33
Q

sudden death

A

death that occurs within 2 hours of symptom onset

34
Q

cardiac arrest management for adult

A
  • carotid pulse check
  • 100-120 compressions/minutes
  • 30:2 (single or multiple rescuer)
  • compressing 2’’ (minimize interruptions to no more than 10 seconds)
35
Q

difference for cardiac arrest management for child and adult

A
  • child: 30:2 (single rescuer); 15:2 (multiple rescuer)
  • adult: 30:2 (single or multiple rescuer)
  • rest are the same
36
Q

cardiac arrest management for infant

A
  • carotid or brachial pulse check
  • 100-120 compressions/minute
  • 30:2 (single rescuer)
  • 15:2 (multiple rescuers)
  • compressing 1.5’’ of chest
37
Q

cardiac arrest management for neonate

A
  • brachial pulse check
  • 100-120 compressions/minute
  • 3:1 compression/ventilation ratio
  • compressing 1/3 of patient’s chest
38
Q

start CPR in neonate/infant/child if pulse is less than what bpm?

A

60bpm

39
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

“an arrhythmia that starts in your ventricle”

40
Q

pulseless ventricular tachycardia

A

“a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that occurs when the heart’s ventricles beat too fast and inefficiently, preventing them from filling with blood and stopping blood flow to the body”

41
Q

pulse/breathing check for cardiac arrest

A
  • 5-10 seconds in all patients
  • 2 minutes/5 cycles for all patients
42
Q

chain of survival for cardiac arrest

A
  • immediate recognition and activation
  • early CPR
  • rapid defibrillation
  • effective ALS
  • integrated post-cardiac arrest care
  • recovery
43
Q

aspiriin

A
  • antipyretic, anti-platelet aggregator (prevents platelets from sticking together (reducing risk of clot formation))
44
Q

antipyretic

A

“used to prevent or reduce fever”

45
Q

indications of aspirin

A
  • chest pain
  • ACS
46
Q

contraindications of aspirin

A
  • children
  • known hypersensitivity
  • active ulcer disease
  • signs of or history of stroke
47
Q

active ulcer disease

A

“condition that causes open sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine”

48
Q

dose of aspirin

A

81-324mg
- 1 baby aspirin table = 81mg
- 1 adult tablet = 325mg
*if patient has taken aspirin in last 24 hrs, give remaining tablets to total 324 mg

49
Q

nitroglycerin

A

potent vasodilator

50
Q

vasodilator

A

“medicine that opens blood vessels”

51
Q

potent

A

“having force or power”
- strong

52
Q

indications of nitroglycerin

A

chest pain (obtain 12 lead first and establish IV access)

53
Q

dose of nitroglycerin

A

0.4mg SL (3 times, every 3-5 minutes as needed, 1.2mg max total dose)
- monitor bp with each dose (don’t administer with systolic bp under 100mmHg)

54
Q

systolic blood pressure

A
  • “first number in a bp reading”
  • “measures pressure in your arteries when your heart beats and pumps blood out of your body”
55
Q

arrhythmia

A

“irregular heartbeat”
- “a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heart’s electrical signals”

56
Q

ulcer

A

” a break on the skin, in the lining of an organ, or on the surface of a tissue”

57
Q

contraction

A

tightening of muscle

58
Q

artery

A

“a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body”

EMT (20 decks)

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