Cardiac Terminology Flashcards
apex
bottom of heart
base
top of heart
way of remembering valves
Toilet Paper My A**
valves
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonic valve
- mitral valve
- aortic valve
endocardium
innermost layer of heart muscle
myocardium
middle layer of heart muscle
pericardium/epicardium
outer layer of heart muscle
aorta
largest artery in the body
bradycardia
heart rate less than 60 bpm
tachycardia
heart rate greater than 100 bpm
what does ACS stand for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
ACS
“a group of conditions that can suddenly reduce or stop blood flow to the heart muscle”
signs of ACS
- pain or pressure in chest
- dyspnea
- palpitations (fluttering sensation in chest)
- diaphoresis
- nausea, vomiting
- anxiety, weakness
- abnormal heart rate and/or bp
management of ACS
- place patient in patient of comfort
- oxygenation to achieve SPO2 94% or higher
- transport immediately
- administer or assist with aspirin
- assist with nitroglycerin (repeat doses every 5 minutes; max of 3 times)
- bp must be greater than 100mmHg systolically
systolic
“relating to the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries”
what does ASA stand for?
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
palpitations (fluttering of chest)
“a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness”
what does CAD stand for?
coronary artery disease
CAD
“diseases that affect the arteries of the heart”
thrombus
clot formed of blood and plaque attached to inner wall of an artery
embolus
blockage of a vessel by a clot brought to the site by the blood flow
atherosclerosis
calcium and cholesterol build up inside the walls of blood vessels, leading to ischemia
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arterial walls, preventing adequate vasoconstriction and vasodilation
ischemia
“an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body”
vasoconstriction
“the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls”
vasodilation
“when blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering blood pressure”
angina
- term for “pain in the chest”
- occurs when the heart’s demand for oxygen exceeds the blood’s oxygen supply
causes of angina
- commonly caused by atherosclerosis and CAD
- may also result from a spasm of the coronary arteries
management of angina
- patients will have prescription for nitroglycerin (tablets, spray, or film)
- relieve anxiety/pain
- place patient in a position of comfort
- administer oxygen
- obtain a 12 lead EKG
- consider oxygen
- consider aspirin (81-325mg)
- consider nitroglycerin
myocardial infarction
- portion of the myocardium dies as a result of inadequate oxygenated blood supply
- other terms (AMI, MI, Heart attack)
- blockage of a coronary artery leads to myocardial ischemia, injury, and the infarction
myocardial ischemia
“occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough blood flow and oxygen to function properly”
infarction
muscle/tissue death
sudden death
death that occurs within 2 hours of symptom onset
cardiac arrest management for adult
- carotid pulse check
- 100-120 compressions/minutes
- 30:2 (single or multiple rescuer)
- compressing 2’’ (minimize interruptions to no more than 10 seconds)
difference for cardiac arrest management for child and adult
- child: 30:2 (single rescuer); 15:2 (multiple rescuer)
- adult: 30:2 (single or multiple rescuer)
- rest are the same
cardiac arrest management for infant
- carotid or brachial pulse check
- 100-120 compressions/minute
- 30:2 (single rescuer)
- 15:2 (multiple rescuers)
- compressing 1.5’’ of chest
cardiac arrest management for neonate
- brachial pulse check
- 100-120 compressions/minute
- 3:1 compression/ventilation ratio
- compressing 1/3 of patient’s chest
start CPR in neonate/infant/child if pulse is less than what bpm?
60bpm
ventricular fibrillation
“an arrhythmia that starts in your ventricle”
pulseless ventricular tachycardia
“a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that occurs when the heart’s ventricles beat too fast and inefficiently, preventing them from filling with blood and stopping blood flow to the body”
pulse/breathing check for cardiac arrest
- 5-10 seconds in all patients
- 2 minutes/5 cycles for all patients
chain of survival for cardiac arrest
- immediate recognition and activation
- early CPR
- rapid defibrillation
- effective ALS
- integrated post-cardiac arrest care
- recovery
aspiriin
- antipyretic, anti-platelet aggregator (prevents platelets from sticking together (reducing risk of clot formation))
antipyretic
“used to prevent or reduce fever”
indications of aspirin
- chest pain
- ACS
contraindications of aspirin
- children
- known hypersensitivity
- active ulcer disease
- signs of or history of stroke
active ulcer disease
“condition that causes open sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine”
dose of aspirin
81-324mg
- 1 baby aspirin table = 81mg
- 1 adult tablet = 325mg
*if patient has taken aspirin in last 24 hrs, give remaining tablets to total 324 mg
nitroglycerin
potent vasodilator
vasodilator
“medicine that opens blood vessels”
potent
“having force or power”
- strong
indications of nitroglycerin
chest pain (obtain 12 lead first and establish IV access)
dose of nitroglycerin
0.4mg SL (3 times, every 3-5 minutes as needed, 1.2mg max total dose)
- monitor bp with each dose (don’t administer with systolic bp under 100mmHg)
systolic blood pressure
- “first number in a bp reading”
- “measures pressure in your arteries when your heart beats and pumps blood out of your body”
arrhythmia
“irregular heartbeat”
- “a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heart’s electrical signals”
ulcer
” a break on the skin, in the lining of an organ, or on the surface of a tissue”
contraction
tightening of muscle
artery
“a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body”
