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EMT > Medical Emergency Terminology > Flashcards

Medical Emergency Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

cerebrum

A

“largest part of brain”
- “responsible for movement, senses, conscious thoughts, emotions, learning, temperature”

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2
Q

what percentage of the body’s total blood flow per minute does your brain receive?

A

about 20%

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3
Q

how much of the body’s glucose does the brain consume?

A

25%

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3
Q

diencephalon

A

interbrain

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4
Q

actions in control by the diencephalon

A

involuntary actions
- temperature
- sleep
- water balance
- stress
- emotions

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5
Q

actions in control by the mesencephalon

A
  • respirations
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
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6
Q

mescencephalon

A

midbrain

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7
Q

pons

A

“middle part of brainstem”
- “coordinates face and eye movements, facial sensations, hearing and balance”

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8
Q

reticular activating system

A

responsible for maintaining consciousness and ability to respond to stimuli

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9
Q

AEIOU TIPS

A

mnemonic to rule in/rule out reasons for altered mental status and/or unconsciousness

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10
Q

A in AEIOU

A

alcohol

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11
Q

E in AEIOU

A

epilepsy

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12
Q

I in AEIOU

A

insulin

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13
Q

O in AEIOU

A

overdose

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14
Q

U in AEIOU

A

uremia

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15
Q

T in TIPS

A

trauma

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16
Q

I in TIPS

A

infection

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17
Q

P in TIPS

A

psychogenic

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18
Q

S in TIPS

A

stroke/syncope

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19
Q

epilepsy

A

“neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions”
- “associated with abnormal electrical activity in brain”

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20
Q

syncope

A

“temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure”

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21
Q

uremia

A

“clinical condition associated with declining renal function”
- “characterized by fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic abnormalities, and physiological changes”

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22
Q

what does AMS stand for?

A

Altered Mental Status

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23
Q

DERM

A

mnemonic for assessing severity of AMS

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24
Q

D in DERM

A

depth of coma

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25
Q

E in DERM

A

eyes

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26
Q

R in DERM

A

respiratory pattern

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27
Q

M in DERM

A

motor function

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28
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning out of other toes when bottom of foot is stroked with sharp object
- indicates dysfunction of the CNS

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29
Q

psychogenic

A

“originating in the mind”

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30
Q

“Extra Value Meal is $4.56” - Glasgow Coma Score

A

“Top end of Glasgow Coma Scale”
Extra = Eyes (max score = 4)
Value = Verbal (max score = 5)
Meal = Motor (max score = 6)

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31
Q

Glasgow Coma Score

A

” a system to measure how conscious you are”
measures:
- eyes; the greater the value the better
- verbal; the greater the value the better
- motor; the greater the value the better
- pupil (value subtracted from overall score); the lower the value the better
*total value equaling 8 or less = coma
*total score equaling 15 = totally awake, responsive

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32
Q

decorticate posturing

A

deep cerebral brainstem injury
- flexes towards the “cord”

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33
Q

decerebrate posturing

A

deep cerebral brainstem injury
- more severe than decorticate

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34
Q

“cord”

A

spinal cord

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35
Q

dorsiflexion

A

“backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot”

36
Q

ischemic (occlusive) stroke

A
  • cerebral artery blocked by clot
  • most common
  • results in ischemia (inadequate blood supply to brain tissue, progresses to brain muscle infarction)
  • typically a more gradual onset
37
Q

cerebral artery

A

“any of the arteries supplying the cerebral cortex”

38
Q

hemorrhagic (bleed) stroke

A
  • bleeding can be within brain or on outer surface of brain
  • less common
  • sudden onset, severe headache
39
Q

onset

A

“the first appearance of the signs or symptoms of an illness”

40
Q

what does TIA stand for?

A

transient ischemic attack

41
Q

TIA

A

temporary interference with blood supply to brain (“mini stroke”)
- lasts for a few minutes to several hours, symptoms fully resolve in no more than 24 hours
- no evidence of residual brain or neurologic damage

42
Q

stroke facts

A
  • check blood glucose on all suspected stroke patients
  • gain a good history from patient or family members (specifically, time of symptom onset/last seen normal)
  • be cautious with oxygen administration (do not give oxygen unless SPO2/patient presentation warrant)
43
Q

symptoms of stroke

A
  • loss of movement on opposite side of the body
  • confusion
  • inability to speak
  • patient may experience anything from no symptoms to complete paralysis
44
Q

management of stroke

A
  • administer supplemental oxygen
  • establish IV access, obtain blood samples
  • elevate patient’s head 30 degrees
  • ensure airway is clear
  • watch for seizures and call early for paramedic backup
45
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate insulin activity

46
Q

insulin

A

critical to maintaining blood glucose levels and enables the body to store energy as glycogen, protein, and fat

47
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

“juvenile diabetes”
- beta cell destruction
- IDDM
- very low production of insulin (if any)
- less common than Type II but more serious
- accounts for most diabetes- related deaths
- if untreated, blood glucose levels rise because cells cannot take up circulating sugar
- BGL of 300-500 not uncommon
- may proceed to diabetic ketoacidosis

48
Q

what does IDDM stand for?

A

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

49
Q

IDDM

A

a.k.a. Type I Diabetes
- “chronic autoimmune disease that occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin”

50
Q

ketosis

A

“process that happens when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy”
- “instead, it burns fats and makes things called ketones, which body can use for fuel”

51
Q

fat catabolism

A

“the mechanism by which the body accesses energy stored as triglycerides”

52
Q

beta cell

A

“cells that make insulin”

53
Q

what does DKA stand for?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

54
Q

DKA

A

“serious complication of diabetes that can be life-threatening”
- body switches to fat catabolism
- BGL rises with fast onset with no insulin
- BGL is around greater than 500mg/dL

55
Q

Type II Diabetes

A
  • inulin resistance
  • NIDDM
  • some patients may require insulin
  • heredity and obesity play a role
  • far more common than Type I
  • untreated presents with lower level of hyperglycemia and fewer major signs of metabolic disruption
  • may proceed to HHNK
56
Q

what does NIDDM stand for?

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

57
Q

NIDDM

A

a.k.a. Type II Diabetes
- “complex disease that results from an imbalance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion”

58
Q

what does HHNK stand for?

A

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketonic syndrome

59
Q

HHNK

A

“a life-threatening complication of uncontrolled Type II diabetes that involves very high blood sugar levels”
- severe dehydration
- BGL rises with slow onset
- BGL is about greater than 1,000mg/dL
- higher mortality than DKA

60
Q

hypoglycemia

A

BGL is less than 60
- treat with oral sugar (if conscious and able to maintain airway)

61
Q

oral glucose

A

anti-hypoglycemic medication

62
Q

dose of oral glucose

A

administered orally
- contains 15g of glucose

63
Q

contraindications of oral glucose

A
  • patient with altered mental status
  • patient unable to swallow (aspiration risk)
64
Q

effects of Type I Diabetes

A
  • polydipsia
  • polyuria
  • polyphagia
  • weakness
  • weight loss
65
Q

polydipsia

A

constant thirst

66
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

67
Q

polyphagia

A

ravenous appetite

68
Q

generalized seizures

A
  • electrical discharge in small area of brain
  • spreads to involve entire cerebral cortex
  • causes widespread malfunction
  • causes tonic-clonic and absence seizures
69
Q

medula oblongata

A

“bottom part of brainstem”
- “regulating breathing, heartbeat, bp, and swallowing”

70
Q

GCS for head injury

A

13-15: mild TBI (such as concussion)
9-12: moderate TBI
3-8: severe TBI

71
Q

what does TBI stand for?

A

traumatic brain injury

72
Q

insulin

A

“a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood”

73
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A
  • grand mal seizure
  • “type of seizure that includes both tonic (stiffening) and clonic (jerking, twitching) muscle activity”
74
Q

absence seizures

A
  • “brief, sudden lapses of consciousness”
75
Q

partial seizures

A
  • confined to limited portion of brain
  • localized malfunction
  • may spread and become generalized
  • includes simple or complex seizures
76
Q

simple partial seizures

A
  • “seizure that occurs while a person is awake and aware, and usually lasts less than two minutes”
  • “involve a small portion or a focal area of the brain”
  • chaotic movement or dysfunction of one area of the body
77
Q

complex partial seizures

A
  • “start in one area and travel to another”
  • “cause altered awareness”
  • “most common type of epilepsy”
78
Q

aura

A

“warning sign that seizure may occur”

79
Q

distinctive auras for complex partial sezures

A
  • unusual smell, taste, sound
  • metallic taste in mouth is common
80
Q

generalized seizures

A
  • “type of seizure that occurs when abnormal electrical activity begins at the same time in both halves of brain”
81
Q

signs of seizures

A
  • “involuntary movements (jerking, stiffening)
  • changes in awareness (staring, unresponsive, loss of consciousness)
  • unusual sensations (abnormal tastes or smells, hallucinations, numbness, tingling)
  • physiological symptoms (fear, anxiety, deja vu, strange thoughts)
  • breathing problems (noisy breathing, stop breathing, abnormal breathing)
  • loss of bladder or bowel control”
82
Q

management of seizures

A
  • administer oxygen
  • suction the airway, provide positive-pressure ventilation
  • transport quickly
  • gain IV access as a medication route even if fluid resuscitation is not needed
83
Q

signs of hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • sudden onset of a severe headache
  • rapidly decreasing LOC
84
Q

signs of stroke

A
  • facial drooping
  • sudden weakness or numbness
  • decreased or absent movement and sensation on one side of the body
  • ataxia or loss of balance
  • sudden vision loss in one eye
  • dysphagia
  • decreased level of responsiveness
  • aphasia
  • slurred speech
  • sudden and severe headache
  • confusion
  • dizziness
  • coma
85
Q

dysphagia

A

“difficulty or discomfort in swallowing”

86
Q

aphasia

A

“language disorder that affects how you communicate”

87
Q

postictal state of seizures

A
  • patient’s muscles relax, becoming almost flaccid
  • may be characterized by hemiparesis (resembling stroke)
  • lethargic, confused

EMT (20 decks)

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