respiratory Flashcards
what does the respiratory supply the blood with?
Respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes waste products, primarily carbon dioxide from the blood
air moves to the lungs via the
trachae
air passageway (all)
nose/mouth –> nasopharnx –> larynx ==>trachae –> main brochi –> brochioles –> alveolar ducts–> alveolar sacs
Bronchioles are segmented into smaller passageways called
the alveolar ducts
Alveolar duct is divided and leads into three or more
alveolar sacs
“the pulmonary tree”
the entire respiratory passageway from bronchi to alveolar sacs is often referred to as
Each alveolar sac contains more than 10
alveoli
are a fine, semipermeable membrane that separates the alveolus from the capillary network
Alveoli
Across this membrane what is transported and exchanged for carbon dioxide?
oxygen
Carbon dioxide is exhaled into the air after traveling upward through the
pulmonary tree
innervation of breathing
mostly involuntary
ANS controls breathing
what happens to inspiration with anxiety and increased activity?
the sympathetic nervous system will automatically increase the depth and rate of inspiration
what component of breathing allows us control?
volitional
when is rate and depth of breathing changed?
when receptors within and outside the lungs are stimulated
what brain areas adjust the response to input from receptors in the lungs, aorta, and carotid artery?
The pons and medulla adjust their response to input from the receptors in the lungs, aorta and carotid artery
Progressive, chronic disease
Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
The air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) are damaged
Lose their elasticity and may become clogged with mucus
Making it difficult to breathe
No cure
Damage is irreversible
COPD
Medical condition in which the alveoli are gradually damaged
Leading cause is smoking
Air pollution, marijuana smoke and particles produced in manufacturing are also contributing causes
Individuals with chronic bronchitis experience shortness of breath (dyspnea) on exertion and as the disease progresses dyspnea occurs at rest
Emphysema
This is where the bronchial airway becomes inflamed = airway obstructions
The airway is constantly irritated resulting in chronic cough and mucus
Common cause is smoking
bronchitis
Prone to upper respiratory infections?
Individuals are unlikely to recover fully
chronic bronchitis
Thickening of the connective tissue (narrows air terminal)
Smoking and pollutants irritate the airways = abnormal terminal airways
Coughing and spitting up mucus
May never evolve past initial stage, but it can develop into emphysema and COPD
fibrosis
Major cause of severe chronic respiratory disease in children and young adults
Inherited (autosomal recessive trait- mutation of the long arm of chromosome 7)
Occurs more frequently in populations of northern Europe, North America and Australia/New Zealand in those individuals who are Caucasian
Pancreatic exocrine deficiency
Elevation of sodium chloride in the sweat
Nasal polyps, sinus infections, and pancreatitis are common
cystic fibrosis
Early diagnoss/treatment are important in delaying the onset and severity
Early aggressive treatment measures to slow the progression
Antibiotics (to manage infections)
Chest physical therapy (percussion and postural drainage)
Mucolytic agents (to prevent airway obstruction)
Nutritional therapy (pancreatic enzymes)
90% have complete loss of exocrine pancreatic function and inadequate digestion of fats and proteins
cystic fibrosis
Surgical procedure
Small incision made in the trachea (anterior aspect of the neck) to allow air to pass freely to the lungs
This is performed when the trachea or pharynx becomes blocked
tracheostomy
One of the most important causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections
Typically occurs during the winter months in the United States (January to March)
Accounts for 35,000 deaths annually
influenza
