conditions final study guide (2)

Question 1

this pathogen that can spread rapidly to the skin, causing cellulitis?

Answer 1

skin and soft tissue cellulitis

strep and strap

Question 2

this condition has declining muscle mass, strength, and function, with 
muscle atrophy (40% decrease in mus. mass by 80s)

Answer 2

sarcopenia

Question 3

in this condition there is a fracture risk and stooped posture, as well as a loss of bone mass as bones get weaker

Answer 3

osteopenia

Question 4

• fracture risk, stooped posture
• bone disease when body loses too much bone
  o bones become weak and may break

Answer 4

osteoporisis

Question 5

Common older adults clinical syndrome
Increased risk for poor health outcomes (falls, disability, hospitalization, mortality)
Can be described as a culmination of the effects (decline) from the aging process on the human body
Difficult to define, but clinicians generally agree that “you’ll know it when you see it”
Sarcopenia – declining muscle mass, strength, and function,
Muscle atrophy (40% decrease in mus. mass by 80s)
Osteopenia & osteoporosis (fracture risk, stooped posture)
Decreased mobility, sedentary
Involuntary weight loss

Answer 5

fraility

Question 6

IQ 20 to 34
considerable delays in development\
understands speech, but little ability to communicate
able to learn daily routines
may learn v simple self-care
needs direct supervision in social situations

Answer 6

severe intellectual disability

Question 7

IQ 50 to 70
slower than typical in all developmental areas
no usual physical characteristics
able to learn practical life skills
attains reading and math skills up to grade levels 3 to 6
able to blend in socially
functions in daily life
represents 1 example of somone with ID

Answer 7

mild intellectual disability

Question 8

noticeable developmental delays (speech, motor skills)
may have physical signs of impairment (thick tongue)
able to learn basic health and safety skills
can complete self care activities
can travel alone to near and familiar places

Answer 8

modereate intellectual disability

Question 9

IQ less than 20
significant developmental delays
obv physical and congential abnormalities
requires close supervision
requires attendant to help in self-care
may respond to physical/social activities
not capable of independent living

Answer 9

profound intellectual disability

Question 10

A person may require repeated reminders throughout the day during the _____ of dementia?

Answer 10

middle stage

Question 11

High risk group for the development of HIV

Answer 11

• sexual contact (female hetero and male homo)

- black/hispanics

Question 12

• Hypoxic ischemic injury
• Traumatic brain injury
• Infections
• Demyelinating disorders
• Seizure disorders (e.g., infantile spasms)
• Severe and chronic social deprivation
• Toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxications (e.g., lead, mercury)

Answer 12

causes of ID during postnatal period

Question 13

symptoms of hyperglycemia

Answer 13

	Increased levels of glucose
	Dehydration
	Hot red flushed skin
	Abdominal pain
	Fruity odor on the breath
	Confusion, visual disturbances
	3 Ps

Question 14

controable risk factors for dementia prevention

Answer 14

o Alcohol Use
o Cardiovascular health
o Diabetes
o Smoking

Question 15

• “insulin dependent diabetes”

- also called Immune-Mediated Diabetes

Answer 15

type 1 diabetes

Question 16

• defined by the presence of one or more genetic autoimmune markers.
• Affects 5-10% of people who have diabetes
• Commonly occurs in children & adolescence but can occur at any age

Answer 16

type 1 diabetes

Question 17

Due to cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic b-cells, usually eventually leading to absolute insulin deficiency
- Rate of destruction varies; faster in children than adults

Answer 17

type 1 diabetes

Question 18

ay have other autoimmune conditions

• typically not obese
• no known etiology
• Symptoms of diabetes without any evidence of autoimmunity

Answer 18

type 1 diabetes

Question 19

• Need for insulin may be episodic
• Though this only affects a minority of people with diabetes, this affects people of mostly African or Asian ancestry
• Strongly inherited but not associated with autoimmune genetic markers

Answer 19

type 1 diabetes

Question 20

 Most common form of diabetes

 Used to be called “noninsulin-dependent diabetes” or “adult onset diabetes,”

Answer 20

type 2 diabetes

Question 21

Initially, and often throughout their lifetime, these individuals may not need insulin treatment to survive but they may.
 Affects 90% - 95% of people who have diabetes
 Children get it too now
 The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age, obesity, and lack of physical activity

Answer 21

type 2 diabetes

Question 22

 have insulin resistance and usually relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.

Answer 22

type 2 diabetes

Question 23

what is HIV?

Answer 23

HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.
Its genetic material, RNA, must be converted in to DNA during replication.
Over time, the immune system and the body loses its ability to fight the virus.
AIDS is characterized by certain infections that take advantage of the body’s weakened immune system.

Question 24

what is septic arthritis?

Answer 24

infection in the joint

Question 25

A condition of muscle mass loss.

discuss the percentage of muscle mass loss

Answer 25

• sarcopenia

 Muscle atrophy (40% decrease in mus. mass by 80s)

Question 26

 “lazy eye”
 Characterized by a decrease in visual acuity resulting from atypical visual development
 Infancy or childhood
 Condition can be prevented from worsening
 Early detection (vision screening)
 Condition may be reversible
 TX is successful if started early in childhood

Answer 26

amblyopia

Question 27

blindness in one eye (visual field defect)

Answer 27

anopia

Question 28

half of the visual field lost

Answer 28

hemianopia

Question 29

 eye movement disorder
 eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
 Results in loss of binocular vision
 Binocular Vision:
 The ability to maintain visual focus on an object with both eyes, creating a single visual image
 Distortions in depth perceptions and visual measurement of distance
 Dependent on extraocular muscles
 Medial and lateral recti
 Superior and inferior recti

Answer 29

strabismus

Question 30

degeneration in the central portion of the retina, resulting in loss of central vision.

Answer 30

macular degeneration

Question 31

	Chronic, progressive disease of optic nerve
	A pressure-induced degenerative neuropathy that produces changes in the optic nerve and causes visual field loss.
	Etiology:
	Cause: Unknown
	Risk factors:
	Genetic
	Age
	Race
	Hypertension
	Incidence:
	Leading cause of blindness in African Americans
	intraocular pressure disease

Answer 31

glaucoma

Question 32

 With aging, lens thickens and its capsule becomes less elastic
 Inability to read small print or discriminate close objects
 Worsening of symptoms:
 Dim light
 Upon arising in morning
 Fatigue

Answer 32

presbyopia

Question 33

what are the disorders of accomdation?

Answer 33

cycloplegia + presbyopia

Question 34

paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye resulting in pupillary dilation

Answer 34

cycloplegia

Question 35

Extraocular muscles responsible for the external rotation of the eye.

Answer 35

• inferior oblique

Question 36

Describe the Fulmer SPICES assessment tool for older adults

Answer 36

o	Sleep disturbances
o	Problems with eating and/or feeding
o	Incontinence
o	Confusion
o	Evidence of falls
o	Skin breakdown

Question 37

Most common cause of dementia in individuals ages 65 and older

Answer 37

Alzheimer’s

Question 38

o Neuropsychiatric syndrome
o Disturbance in mental abilities resulting in confused thought process and lack of environmental awareness
o Contributing factors:
o Severe chronic illness, changes in metabolic balance (low sodium), medication, infection, surgery, drug intoxication, and/or drug withdrawal
o Similarity in symptoms of delirium and dementia:
o Input from relative or caregiver crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Answer 38

delirium