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human conditions > conditions final study guide (1) > Flashcards

conditions final study guide (1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is tinnitus?

A

a ringing sound

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2
Q

what kind of hearing loss is tinnitus?

A

sensorineural

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3
Q

what causes tinnitus?

A

Noise-induced hearing loss, disease of the heart or blood vessels, Meniere’s disease, brain tumors, hormonal changes, thyroid abnormalities

TMJ issues

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4
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is what kinda disorder?

A

vertigo disorder

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5
Q

What test is used for benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?

A

Hallpike maneuver test

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6
Q

In this condition: crystals of carbonate (otonoia) are displaced due to viral infection, head trauma, aging, idiopathic
Attacks triggered by movement; lasts a minute at a time

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

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7
Q

What condition has excessive endolymph and fluctuating hearing loss with progressive, eventually permanent hearing loss?

A

Meniere’s Disease

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8
Q

This inner ear disease impacts balance and hearing?

A

Meniere’s Disease

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9
Q

Symptoms of this disease include hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and fullness?

A

Meniere’s Disease

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10
Q

Meniere’s Disease is what kinda condition?

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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11
Q

what is age related hearing loss?

A

prebycusis

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12
Q

what kinda hearing loss is prebycusis?

A

sensorineural

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13
Q

Most likely due to a loss of hair cells

Can be due to changes in blood supply to the ear

A

prebycusis

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14
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is what kinda condition?

A

sensorineural

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15
Q

Does not cause a headache

Can affect the ears, vision, and balance (visual auro)

Unsteadyness + Loss of Balance

Second most common cause of vertigo
Lasts minutes or hours

A

vestibular migrane (sensorineural)

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16
Q

ear infection (pain)

A

ottis media

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17
Q

where is ottis media?

A

outer and middle ear

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18
Q

what kind of hearing loss is ottis media?

A

conductive hearing loss

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19
Q

what is external otitis?

A

infection in the ear canal

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20
Q

what kind of hearing disorder is external otitis?

A

conductive hearing loss

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21
Q

malformation of the outer ear is what kinda hearing loss?

A

conductive hearing loss

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22
Q

conductive hearing loss other examples

A 
malformation of the outer ear
perforated eardrum
ottis media
external otitis
earwax
otoscleorsis
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23
Q

what is otoscleorsis?

A

abnormal growth of bone in ears

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24
Q

what is ability of a substance to destroy or damage the vestibular structures?

A

Vestibulotoxicity

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25
Q

Labyrinitis and vestibular neuritis is what?

A

inner ear disorder (inflammation)

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26
Q

presence of a foreign body is what kinda hearing loss?

A

conductive hearing loss

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27
Q

where is the cochlea found?

A

in the inner ear

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28
Q

what does the cochlea focus on?

A

frequency + intensity

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29
Q

When sound pressure is transmitted to the fluids of the inner ear by the stapes, the pressure wave deforms the basilar membrane in an area that is specific to the frequency of the vibration in this way, higher frequencies cause movement in the base of the cochlea, and deep work at the apex. This is called…..

A

tonotopic organization

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30
Q

Where is the apex of the cochlea and what frequencies do the hair cells of the basilar membrane respond to at the apex?

A

pressure waves deform the basilar membrane

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31
Q

Where is the base of the cochlea and what frequencies do the hair cells of the basilar membrane respond to at the base?

A

higher frequencies

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32
Q

What is a high or low frequency sound anyway???

A

higher frequency = shorter wavelength

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33
Q

what are the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

vestibular branch + conchlear branch

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34
Q

functions of the vestibular branch of the vestibulcochlear nerve

A

equilibrium

  • carries impulses from semicircular canal
  • responsible for providing input about posture, movement, and balance
35
Q

functions of the hearing branch of the vestibulcochlear nerve

A

the hearing branch carries impulses from the cochlea

36
Q

This spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

A

la cochlea

37
Q

what is the 4 brachial plexus injuries?

A
  • Avulsion
  • Rupture
  • Neurotmesis
  • Neuroma
38
Q

avulsion

A

nerve has been pulled out from the spinal cord and has no chance to recover

39
Q

rupture

A

this nerve has been stretched and at least partially torn, but not at the spinal cord

40
Q

neuroma

A

this nerve has torn and healed but scar tissue puts pressure on the injured nerve and prevents it from conducting signals to the muscles

41
Q

neuropraxia

A

the nerve has been gently stretched or compressed but is still attached (not torn)

42
Q

brachial plexus injury to C5 + C6 (waiter’s tip)

A

Erb’s Palsy

43
Q

Klumpke’s affects what branches + nerve

A

C8-T1, ulnar nerve

44
Q

Congenital + acquired

A condition in which neck muscles contract, causing the head to twist to one side (SCM)

A

torticollis

45
Q

Causes of torticollis

A

Rotation to one side and/or tilt of the neck to the other side
Cervical ROM limitations
May present with a lump (pseudo tumor) on the SCM
May occur in conjunction with plagiocephaly

46
Q

asymmetrical distortion (flattening of one side) of the skull. It is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in a supine position for too long

A

plagiocephaly

47
Q

what lobes are affected in plagiocephaly

A

occipital / parietal / temporal

48
Q

condition of plagiocephaly

A

tilted and flated head

49
Q

describes a group of problems that occurs in a newborn that was exposed to addictive substances prenatally, most often opiates

withdrawal symptoms in baby

A

NAS syndrome

50
Q

3 types of spastic CP

A
  • Diplegia
  • Hemiplegia
  • Quadriplegia
51
Q

spastic CP is when

difficulty w/

affects this percentage

A

Muscle high in tone (tension), but weak in strength, difficulty moving limbs + w posture

80%

52
Q

Both legs and both arms are affected, but the legs are significantly more affected than the arms.

Children with diplegia usually have some clumsiness with their hand movements.

A

spastic diplegia CP

53
Q

leg and arm on one side of the body are affected

A

spastic hemiplegia CP

54
Q

both arms and legs are affected

Muscles of the trunk, face and mouth can also be affected

A

spastic quadriplegia CP

55
Q

Shaky movement/tremors
Least common type
Difficulty using muscles to balance/coordinate
May have hypotonia

A

ataxic CP

56
Q

ataxic CP problems

A

Problems with balance.

Problems with the way the brain interprets what the eyes see.

Difficulty walking (an unsteady wide-based gait) or walking by planting their feet an unusual distance apart.

Poor coordination, particularly when attempting precise movements.

57
Q

what is found in dyskinetic: dystonia?

A

rigid posture + grimacing

58
Q

what is found in dyskinetic: athetosis?

A

writhing movements

59
Q

15% of CP

A

dyskinetic CP

60
Q

Uncontrolled movements- Often most noticeable when a person starts moving

A

dyskinetic CP

61
Q

Present with very weak muscles or feel floppy when carried

A

dyskinetic CP

62
Q

Often found alongside spasticity

  • Intensify during times of stress and when a person is concentrating
  • Absent while a person sleeps
  • Many people have communication difficulties
A

dyskinetic CP

63
Q

describes a group of chronic childhood motor impairment disorders with signs of neurological dysfunction

A

cerebral palsy

64
Q

symptoms of CP

A

cognitive deficit, posture or balance, loss of control or coordination, abnormal tone, abnormal strength, abnormal reflexes persistent motor delay, associated handicaps

65
Q

§ Bone thinning or osteoporosis
§ Bowel obstruction or general GI issues secondary to atypical muscle tone
§ Hip dislocation and arthritis in the hip joint
§ Injuries from falls
§ Joint contractures
§ Pneumonia caused by aspiration
§ Scoliosis
§ Seizures (in about half of patients)
§ Social emotional adjustment secondary to dealing with lifelong challenges

A

complications that occur secondary to CP

66
Q

Difficulty regulating the intensity of responses after sensory input

Reactions are not graded to situation

A

sensory modulation disorder

67
Q

types of sensory processing disorder

A

sensory-over responsivity

sensory-under responsivity

sensory-seeking/craving

68
Q

their filter is turned down too low: bombarded with sensory information

A

sensory-over responsivity

69
Q

Their filter is up to high: unaware of certain sensations

A

sensory-under responsivity

70
Q

They crave and seek out additional sensory experiences

A

sensory-seeking/craving

71
Q

Sensory Modulation Disorder often has this as a symptom?

A

gravitational insecurity

72
Q

Individuals are regulated

Individuals have a motor challenge

The motor challenge has a sensory basis

So there is a sensory-motor challenge

A

sensory-based motor disorder

73
Q

postural disorder + dyspraxia

A

types of SPD

74
Q

Sensory-based motor disorder often has this as a symptom?

A

Postural insecurity

75
Q

Ability to interpret information

Focus on details
Disregard irrelevant details

Difficulty interpreting subtle qualities of objects, places, people or other environments

Treatment:
Sensory rich activities in the domain that they have issues

A

sensory discrimination

76
Q

Progressive neurodegenerative disorders; impact the CNS

Person’s own immune system attacks the myelin sheath

A

MS

77
Q
  • Neurodegenerative disorder

* Death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

A

Parkinson’s Disorder

78
Q

Evidence of loss of serotonin
• Neuronal degeneration progresses beyond the substantia nigra:
• Lewy bodies: Proteins abnormally form within the cell body and neurons and disrupt the function of the cell

A

Parkinson’s Disorder

79
Q

Leads to a decrease in speed and quality of movement, postural stability, cognitive skills, and affective expression

A

Parkinson’s Disorder

80
Q
  • Immune system attacks peripheral nerves (myelin sheath)
  • Loss of sensation, movement, changes in personality and personality
  • Rapid progressive limb weakness and loss of tendon reflexes
  • State of semi-paralysis (medical emergency)
  • Short term: most people recover
A

Guillain-Barre

81
Q

• Chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction
(nerve impulse can not transmit to muscles)
• Loss of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction
• Diminished motor response
• Affects the voluntary muscles of the body
• No cure; medication can alleviate symptoms
• Normal life expectancy

A

Myasthenia Gravis

82
Q
  • Gower’s sign
  • uses hands on knees to stand up
  • Describes many genetic disorders that produce progressive degeneration and necrosis of the muscle tissue
  • Defects in muscle protein
  • Progressive muscle weakness
  • Caused by lack or absence of Dystrophin
  • Dsytrophin is part f the intracellular protein complex
  • Maintains the shape and structure of the muscle (like glue)
  • Muscle breaks down without the glue
  • Fat and connective tissue replace the muscle
  • Muscle size increases while muscles become weak
  • Called pseudohypertrophy
A

Muscular dystrophy

83
Q

*Different types

  • Birth defect; Spine and spinal cord don’t form properly
  • Occurs prior to the 28th day in utero
  • Types:
  • Spina bifida occulta: Mildest form; most people don’t know they have it
  • Meningocele: Meninges protrude from spinal opening
  • Lipomyelomeningocele: Fatty mass attached to spinal cord and membranes
  • Myelomeningocele: Parts of spinal cord and nerves come through the open part; membrane that cover the spinal cord also come through
  • Myelocele: No overlying membrane exposure of nerves and tissues
A

spina bifida

human conditions (28 decks)

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