conditions final study guide (1) Flashcards
1
Q
what is tinnitus?
A
a ringing sound
2
Q
what kind of hearing loss is tinnitus?
A
sensorineural
3
Q
what causes tinnitus?
A
Noise-induced hearing loss, disease of the heart or blood vessels, Meniere’s disease, brain tumors, hormonal changes, thyroid abnormalities
TMJ issues
4
Q
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is what kinda disorder?
A
vertigo disorder
5
Q
What test is used for benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?
A
Hallpike maneuver test
6
Q
In this condition: crystals of carbonate (otonoia) are displaced due to viral infection, head trauma, aging, idiopathic
Attacks triggered by movement; lasts a minute at a time
A
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
7
Q
What condition has excessive endolymph and fluctuating hearing loss with progressive, eventually permanent hearing loss?
A
Meniere’s Disease
8
Q
This inner ear disease impacts balance and hearing?
A
Meniere’s Disease
9
Q
Symptoms of this disease include hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and fullness?
A
Meniere’s Disease
10
Q
Meniere’s Disease is what kinda condition?
A
sensorineural hearing loss
11
Q
what is age related hearing loss?
A
prebycusis
12
Q
what kinda hearing loss is prebycusis?
A
sensorineural
13
Q
Most likely due to a loss of hair cells
Can be due to changes in blood supply to the ear
A
prebycusis
14
Q
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is what kinda condition?
A
sensorineural
15
Q
Does not cause a headache
Can affect the ears, vision, and balance (visual auro)
Unsteadyness + Loss of Balance
Second most common cause of vertigo
Lasts minutes or hours
A
vestibular migrane (sensorineural)
16
Q
ear infection (pain)
A
ottis media
17
Q
where is ottis media?
A
outer and middle ear
18
Q
what kind of hearing loss is ottis media?
A
conductive hearing loss
19
Q
what is external otitis?
A
infection in the ear canal
20
Q
what kind of hearing disorder is external otitis?
A
conductive hearing loss
21
Q
malformation of the outer ear is what kinda hearing loss?
A
conductive hearing loss
22
Q
conductive hearing loss other examples
A
malformation of the outer ear perforated eardrum ottis media external otitis earwax otoscleorsis
23
Q
what is otoscleorsis?
A
abnormal growth of bone in ears
24
Q
what is ability of a substance to destroy or damage the vestibular structures?
A
Vestibulotoxicity
25
Labyrinitis and vestibular neuritis is what?
inner ear disorder (inflammation)
26
presence of a foreign body is what kinda hearing loss?
conductive hearing loss
27
where is the cochlea found?
in the inner ear
28
what does the cochlea focus on?
frequency + intensity
29
When sound pressure is transmitted to the fluids of the inner ear by the stapes, the pressure wave deforms the basilar membrane in an area that is specific to the frequency of the vibration in this way, higher frequencies cause movement in the base of the cochlea, and deep work at the apex. This is called.....
tonotopic organization
30
Where is the apex of the cochlea and what frequencies do the hair cells of the basilar membrane respond to at the apex?
pressure waves deform the basilar membrane
31
Where is the base of the cochlea and what frequencies do the hair cells of the basilar membrane respond to at the base?
higher frequencies
32
What is a high or low frequency sound anyway???
higher frequency = shorter wavelength
33
what are the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
vestibular branch + conchlear branch
34
functions of the vestibular branch of the vestibulcochlear nerve
equilibrium
- carries impulses from semicircular canal
- responsible for providing input about posture, movement, and balance
35
functions of the hearing branch of the vestibulcochlear nerve
the hearing branch carries impulses from the cochlea
36
This spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
la cochlea
37
what is the 4 brachial plexus injuries?
* Avulsion
* Rupture
* Neurotmesis
* Neuroma
38
avulsion
nerve has been pulled out from the spinal cord and has no chance to recover
39
rupture
this nerve has been stretched and at least partially torn, but not at the spinal cord
40
neuroma
this nerve has torn and healed but scar tissue puts pressure on the injured nerve and prevents it from conducting signals to the muscles
41
neuropraxia
the nerve has been gently stretched or compressed but is still attached (not torn)
42
brachial plexus injury to C5 + C6 (waiter’s tip)
Erb's Palsy
43
Klumpke's affects what branches + nerve
C8-T1, ulnar nerve
44
Congenital + acquired
A condition in which neck muscles contract, causing the head to twist to one side (SCM)
torticollis
45
Causes of torticollis
Rotation to one side and/or tilt of the neck to the other side
Cervical ROM limitations
May present with a lump (pseudo tumor) on the SCM
May occur in conjunction with plagiocephaly
46
asymmetrical distortion (flattening of one side) of the skull. It is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in a supine position for too long
plagiocephaly
47
what lobes are affected in plagiocephaly
occipital / parietal / temporal
48
condition of plagiocephaly
tilted and flated head
49
describes a group of problems that occurs in a newborn that was exposed to addictive substances prenatally, most often opiates
withdrawal symptoms in baby
NAS syndrome
50
3 types of spastic CP
* Diplegia
* Hemiplegia
* Quadriplegia
51
spastic CP is when
difficulty w/
affects this percentage
Muscle high in tone (tension), but weak in strength, difficulty moving limbs + w posture
80%
52
Both legs and both arms are affected, but the legs are significantly more affected than the arms.
Children with diplegia usually have some clumsiness with their hand movements.
spastic diplegia CP
53
leg and arm on one side of the body are affected
spastic hemiplegia CP
54
both arms and legs are affected
| Muscles of the trunk, face and mouth can also be affected
spastic quadriplegia CP
55
Shaky movement/tremors
Least common type
Difficulty using muscles to balance/coordinate
May have hypotonia
ataxic CP
56
ataxic CP problems
Problems with balance.
Problems with the way the brain interprets what the eyes see.
Difficulty walking (an unsteady wide-based gait) or walking by planting their feet an unusual distance apart.
Poor coordination, particularly when attempting precise movements.
57
what is found in dyskinetic: dystonia?
rigid posture + grimacing
58
what is found in dyskinetic: athetosis?
writhing movements
59
15% of CP
dyskinetic CP
60
Uncontrolled movements- Often most noticeable when a person starts moving
dyskinetic CP
61
Present with very weak muscles or feel floppy when carried
dyskinetic CP
62
Often found alongside spasticity
- Intensify during times of stress and when a person is concentrating
- Absent while a person sleeps
- Many people have communication difficulties
dyskinetic CP
63
describes a group of chronic childhood motor impairment disorders with signs of neurological dysfunction
cerebral palsy
64
symptoms of CP
cognitive deficit, posture or balance, loss of control or coordination, abnormal tone, abnormal strength, abnormal reflexes persistent motor delay, associated handicaps
65
§ Bone thinning or osteoporosis
§ Bowel obstruction or general GI issues secondary to atypical muscle tone
§ Hip dislocation and arthritis in the hip joint
§ Injuries from falls
§ Joint contractures
§ Pneumonia caused by aspiration
§ Scoliosis
§ Seizures (in about half of patients)
§ Social emotional adjustment secondary to dealing with lifelong challenges
complications that occur secondary to CP
66
Difficulty regulating the intensity of responses after sensory input
Reactions are not graded to situation
sensory modulation disorder
67
types of sensory processing disorder
sensory-over responsivity
sensory-under responsivity
sensory-seeking/craving
68
their filter is turned down too low: bombarded with sensory information
sensory-over responsivity
69
Their filter is up to high: unaware of certain sensations
sensory-under responsivity
70
They crave and seek out additional sensory experiences
sensory-seeking/craving
71
Sensory Modulation Disorder often has this as a symptom?
gravitational insecurity
72
Individuals are regulated
Individuals have a motor challenge
The motor challenge has a sensory basis
So there is a sensory-motor challenge
sensory-based motor disorder
73
postural disorder + dyspraxia
types of SPD
74
Sensory-based motor disorder often has this as a symptom?
Postural insecurity
75
Ability to interpret information
Focus on details
Disregard irrelevant details
Difficulty interpreting subtle qualities of objects, places, people or other environments
Treatment:
Sensory rich activities in the domain that they have issues
sensory discrimination
76
Progressive neurodegenerative disorders; impact the CNS
Person’s own immune system attacks the myelin sheath
MS
77
* Neurodegenerative disorder
| * Death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)
Parkinson's Disorder
78
Evidence of loss of serotonin
• Neuronal degeneration progresses beyond the substantia nigra:
• Lewy bodies: Proteins abnormally form within the cell body and neurons and disrupt the function of the cell
Parkinson's Disorder
79
Leads to a decrease in speed and quality of movement, postural stability, cognitive skills, and affective expression
Parkinson's Disorder
80
* Immune system attacks peripheral nerves (myelin sheath)
* Loss of sensation, movement, changes in personality and personality
* Rapid progressive limb weakness and loss of tendon reflexes
* State of semi-paralysis (medical emergency)
* Short term: most people recover
Guillain-Barre
81
• Chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction
(nerve impulse can not transmit to muscles)
• Loss of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction
• Diminished motor response
• Affects the voluntary muscles of the body
• No cure; medication can alleviate symptoms
• Normal life expectancy
Myasthenia Gravis
82
* Gower’s sign
- uses hands on knees to stand up
* Describes many genetic disorders that produce progressive degeneration and necrosis of the muscle tissue
* Defects in muscle protein
* Progressive muscle weakness
* Caused by lack or absence of Dystrophin
* Dsytrophin is part f the intracellular protein complex
* Maintains the shape and structure of the muscle (like glue)
* Muscle breaks down without the glue
* Fat and connective tissue replace the muscle
* Muscle size increases while muscles become weak
* Called pseudohypertrophy
Muscular dystrophy
83
*Different types
* Birth defect; Spine and spinal cord don’t form properly
* Occurs prior to the 28th day in utero
* Types:
* Spina bifida occulta: Mildest form; most people don’t know they have it
* Meningocele: Meninges protrude from spinal opening
* Lipomyelomeningocele: Fatty mass attached to spinal cord and membranes
* Myelomeningocele: Parts of spinal cord and nerves come through the open part; membrane that cover the spinal cord also come through
* Myelocele: No overlying membrane exposure of nerves and tissues
spina bifida
