midterm questions! Flashcards
What is a treatment for Dupuytrens contracture?
a. Collagen injected into the Dupuytren tissue
b. Needle aponeurotomy to cut the tissue
c. Skin grafts
What is the conservative treatment for Impingement Syndrome (shoulder bursitis/rotator cuff tendonitis)?
a. Relieve pain and rest the joint to reduce swelling
b. NSAID
c. avoid overhead activities
d. cortisone injections
e. surgery
What is a sign of scaphoid fracture?
a. Deep, dull pain in the radial side of the wrist that worsens with gripping or squeezing
b. Swelling and bruising
c. Tenderness to palpation of the anatomical snuffbox
Which condition has symptoms of pain to the lateral epicondyle area when gripping?
a. Elbow lateral epicondylitis “Tennis Elbow”
Which layer does damage usually occur in a contusion?
Damage usually occurs in the layer closest to the bone.
Which brachial plexus injury has the most poor prognosis?
Neurotmesis- entire nerve has been divided
Which nerve injury is the least severe?
Neuropraxia- temporary conduction block in the nerve. Recovery can take up to 12 weeks.
During which brachial plexus injury is the nerve pulled out from the spinal cord?
Avulsion
The two main elements of empowerment and accountability are part of which model of disability?
Rights-based model perspective
Which model of disability implies the removal of attitudinal, physical, and institutional barriers will improve the lives of disabled people?
Social model of disability
What are two potential complications of a scaphoid fracture?
a. Non-union of bone fragments
b. Avascular necrosis of scaphoid
c. Arthritis
What causes a Boutonniere deformity?
a. Forceful blow to bent finger
- PIP joint will be flexed, while DIP joint is extended.
Which type of fracture shatters the bone into many pieces?
Comminuted fractures usually occur from a high energy force and are often unstable
Which fracture has a risk of infection?
Compound fractures break through the skin
Which direction approach is the most common for a total hip replacement?
Posterior approach
What is the most common grade of ACL injury?
Grade 3- complete tear of the ligament where the ligament splits into two pieces and creates an unstable knee joint.
When is a partial or total hip replacement considered for treatment?
When optimal realignment of the fracture is not possible or practical with internal fixation
What is the most common metabolic bone disorder?
Osteoporosis
What term is used to describe loss of bone density?
Osteopenia
What is the cause of the primary type of Osteoporosis?
Age related bone loss (senile osteoporosis) or the cause may be unknown (idiopathic osteoporosis)
Which class of drugs has a long onset of action?
Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can take several weeks or months to demonstrate a clinical effect
How do Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) work? Ex. Aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.
Work by blocking production of prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins cause pain, swelling, and inflammation.
Which class of drugs works to prevent release of substances in the body that cause inflammation?
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids/ steroid medications)
Ex. Prednisone
What is a condition that occurs as a side effect of taking corticosteroids?
a. Cushing syndrome and cushingoind appearance. (weight gain and fat desposits around face)
b. High blood pressure, high blood sugar, risk of cataracts, and avascular necrosis of bones.
Which class of drugs has been shown to alter the disease course of rheumatoid arthritis and improve radiographic outcomes?
Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
What are the phases of wound healing?
Inflammation (1-3 days), Proliferation (1-2 weeks), Remodeling or maturation (1-2 years)
What are the types of wound debridement?
Autolytic, Enzymatic, Surgical, Mechanical, and Maggot
What may be the result of constant pressure and friction resulting from weight over a localized area for prolonged duration?
Pressure ulcers
Which degree burn extends only beyond the Epidermis?
Second degree
What is the most common degree burn?
First degree
Which degree burn creates nerve damage?
3rd and 4th degrees
What is the difference in a skin substitute and a skin replacement?
Skin replacements permanently replace lost skin with healthy skin.
What is an Allograft?
A graft form donor of the same species but not genetically identical
What is the gold standard temporary skin substitute?
Cadaver allograft when the cells are still alive or viable.
What are two permanent skin substitutes and the difference between them?
Epicel and Integra substitutes. Both use skin cells that grow and multiply but the Integra is a bi-layer product that also uses a scaffold made of proteins and fibers.
Which amputation level occurs through the shoulder joint?
Shoulder Disarticulation
Which amputation level occurs below the elbow?
Transradial
Which amputation level occurs through the elbow?
Elbow disarticulation
Which amputation is a resection of partial hand?
Transcarpal Amputation
What type of prosthesis is signaled by electrical signals generated by muscles?
Myoelectric/ externally powered
This prothesis has greater functional capacity and grip force
What is the sensation of a missing part of a limb?
Phantom sensation/ phantom limb pain
What is key to facilitating client’s well-being?
Have the individual define what is meaningful and engage in meaningful activity
What factors contribute to the prognosis of the stages of cancer?
Tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis
What symptom of heart problems occurs when there is pain or discomfort in an area that doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood?
Angina
What is the most common type of Angina?
Stable Angina. When the heart is working harder than usual during physical exertion.
Which type of Angina may not be relieved by medicine?
Microvascular Angina or an Unstable Angina
What is the difference between an Unstable Angina and a Variant Angina?
Variant Anginas may be treated with medicine and they are much more rare, caused by a spasm in a coronary artery and usually occurs while at rest, and the pain can be severe
What is the most common symptom of a heart attack?
Chest pain or discomfort
What procedure destroys the tissue in your heart that triggers abnormal heart rhythm?
Cardiac ablation
What is the difference between a heart attack and sudden cardiac arrest?
During a heart attack, the heart is still beating and blood flow to the heart is disrupted. SCA is an electrical malfunction and the heart stops beating.
Which heart disease diagnostic test measures electrical activity of the heartbeat?
Electrocardiogram
Which diagnostic test creates 3D images that can show blockages caused by calcium deposits in coronary arteries?
CT scan (Cardiac tomography)
What is the procedure used to open clogged heart arteries?
Coronary angioplasty, also called percutaneous coronary intervention
What is the purpose for coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
Restore blood flow to the heart by a blood vessel graft
What are the stages of swallowing?
Voluntary oral stage, involuntary pharyngeal stage, esophageal stage
What are causes of esophageal dysphasia?
Esophageal stricture and esophageal tumors.
Stricture can cause large pieces of food to get caught and tumors make swallowing difficult
Which dysphasic makes it difficult to move food from mouth into your throat?
Oropharyngeal Dysphasia
What is Aspiration?
The passage of food or liquid through the vocal folds into the lungs.
What type of precautions can be taken to prevent aspiration?
Eat in a chair or sitting upright, eat small amounts slowly, avoid distractions while you eat, make sure dentures fit correctly, limit spicy foods and caffeine, drink water with meals, and do not smoke.
When does Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occur?
When lower esophageal sphincter is weak and allows food content to flow back up
GERD is a chronic condition and obesity is linked to the development of GERD
What are the most common causes for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Diabetes and high blood pressure
During which disease are the air sacs of the lungs damaged?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Lungs lose elasticity and may become clogged with mucus
When is a tracheostomy or tracheotomy performed?
When the trachea or phrynx becomes blocked
What diagnostic technique may help diagnose GERD?
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophageal manometry
What is one of the most important causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections?
Influenza
