Respiratory

Question 1

Lines walls of the thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Parietal pleura

Question 2

Lines surface of the lung

Answer 2

Visceral pleura

Question 3

Space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Answer 3

Pleural space

Question 4

Located inferior to the root of the lung, area of fusion between the parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 4

Pulmonary ligament

Question 5

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

Answer 5

Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal

Question 6

To what landmarks does the parietal pleural layer extend to at mid respiration?

Answer 6

Anterior down to rib 8
Laterally down to rib 10
Posteriorly down to T12

Question 7

To what landmarks does the visceral pleural layer extend to at mid respiration?

Answer 7

Anterior down to rib 6
Laterally down to rib 8
Posteriorly down to T10

Question 8

Which nerve(s) innervate the parietal pleura?

Answer 8

Intercostal nerve

Phrenic nerve

Question 9

What are the lateral inferior corners of the thoracic cavity called?

Answer 9

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 10

Inflammation of the pleural layers

Answer 10

Pleurisy

Question 11

Build up of fluid in the pleural cavity (give two examples)

Answer 11

Pleural effusion

Ex. Hydrothorax, hemothorax

Question 12

Between what intercostal spaces should you aim for during a thoracentesis? Why?

Answer 12

Intercostal spaces 8-10 at the midaxillary line in order to avoid hitting lung

Question 13

What is an sign of a severe pneumothorax that can be seen without imaging?

Answer 13

A shifted trachea from midline

Question 14

Collapsed lung

Answer 14

Pneumothorax

Question 15

At what level will you find the horizontal fissure of the right lung?

Answer 15

4th intercostal space

Question 16

At what level will you find the oblique fissures on the left and right lungs?

Answer 16

T4-T6 intercostal spaces

Question 17

What does the horizontal fissure separate in the lung?

Answer 17

Superior lobe from middle lobe on RIGHT lung

Question 18

What does the oblique fissure separate in the lungs?

Answer 18

The inferior lobes from the middle (right lung) or superior (left lung) lobes

Question 19

Where is the apex of the lung located?

Answer 19

Above the 1st rib

Question 20

What part of the lung makes room for the heart?

Answer 20

The cardiac notch in the left lung

Question 21

What part of the lung sticks out under the cardiac notch?

Answer 21

Lingula

Question 22

What impressions can be found in the right lung?

Answer 22

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Azygos vein
Esophagus
Brachiocephalic vein

Question 23

What impressions can be found in the left lung?

Answer 23

Subclavian artery
Aortic arch
Esophagus

Question 24

What is the order of the pulmonary arteries in the hilums of the right and left lungs?

Answer 24

RALS: Right Anterior, Left Superior

Right PA is anterior to the bronchus, Left PA is superior to the bronchus

Question 25

Where does cartilage in the bronchial system end?

Answer 25

Alveoli/capillary beds

Question 26

At what level does the trachea bifurcate? What is this bifurcation called?

Answer 26

T4/T5 (sternal angle) Carina

Question 27

Where does choking mostly occur? Why?

Answer 27

In the right main bronchus because it is wider, shorter, and more vertical. “Inhale a bite, goes down the right”

Question 28

What is the order of the bronchial tree after the trachea?

Answer 28

Main bronchus —> lobar bronchus (secondary) —> segmental bronchi (tertiary)

Question 29

How many lobar bronchi does each lung have?

Answer 29

Left: 2 Right: 3

Question 30

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung? What are they separated by?

Answer 30

10 | Fibrous septa

Question 31

A hydrophobic substance secreted by Type II alveolar cells that repels from water and keeps lungs from collapsing

Answer 31

Surfactant

Question 32

What arteries and veins supply the lung tissue?

Answer 32

Bronchial arteries | Bronchial veins

Question 33

Where do the left and right bronchial arteries arise from?

Answer 33

Left: thoracic aorta Right: right 3rd intercostal artery (which comes off the aorta)

Question 34

Where do the right and left bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 34

Right: azygos vein Left: accessory hemiazygos vein

Question 35

What part of the pulmonary plexus provides parasympathetic pulmonary innervation? What do they do?

Answer 35

Left and right vagus nerves (CN X) Cause bronchoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 36

What part of the pulmonary plexus provides sympathetic pulmonary innervation? What do they do?

Answer 36

Nerves from the sympathetic trunk Cause bronchodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 37

What is the pathway for pulmonary lymph drainage, starting from the right pulmonary lymph?

Answer 37

Right pulmonary lymph —> right tracheobronchial nodes —> right bronchomediastinal trunk —> right lymphatic duct —> right venous angle

Question 38

What is the tendon of the diaphragm called?

Answer 38

Central tendon

Question 39

Where does the innervation of the diaphragm originate?

Answer 39

C3/C4/C5

Question 40

Where does the diaphragm attach?

Answer 40

Xiphoid Costal margin Ribs 11-12 Lumbar vertebrae (L/R crura)

Question 41

What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm and at what level are they located?

Answer 41

Caval opening: T8 Esophageal hiatus: T10 Aortic hiatus: T12

Question 42

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Answer 42

Phrenic nerves (bilaterally) Intercostal nerves (peripherally)

Question 43

What is unique about lung innervation?

Answer 43

The left and right halves are independently innervated

Question 44

What muscles are responsible for expiration?

Answer 44

Internal intercostals

Question 45

What muscles are responsible for inspiration?

Answer 45

External intercostals