Basics/Lymphatics/Vasculature/Body Cavities Flashcards
When sensory information comes to the spinal cord from one area of inflammation/injury but is interpreted by the CNS as arising from another location
Referred pain
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
Nucleus
Axons connecting nuclei in the CNS
Tract
Name the layers of tissue between the brain and the skull, going from outside —> in.
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
Which tissue layer is inflamed with meningitis?
Arachnoid
What is the order of the emerging nerve structures from the spinal cord?
Rootlets —> Root —> (Dorsal root ganglion) —> spinal nerve —> Ramus
Which spinal nerves rise above their vertebral levels?
C1-C7
Which spinal nerves rise below their vertebral levels?
C8-Co1
Integrates organ systems in the body; both motor and sensory components
Visceral division of the nervous system
Sensory fibers going into the spinal cord
Afferent
Motor fibers come out of the spinal cord
Efferent
Convey PRESYNAPTIC fibers to the sympathetic chain; lateral
White rami communicans
Convey POSTSYNAPTIC fibers to the sympathetic chain; medial
Gray rami communicans
What are the 3 layers of vessels? What are their functions?
Tunic intima - responsible for secreting signals that control tone and can also secrete inflammatory signals
Tunic media - muscular layer
Tunic adventitia - blood vessels of the blood vessels
Veins surrounding arteries flatten when artery expands, pumping venous blood back to the heart
Arteriovenous pump
Muscle contraction assists venous return
Musculovenous pump
Drains lymph from the body’s upper right quadrant
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the whole body (except the right upper quadrant
Thoracic duct
Where do the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct drain into?
Right lymphatic duct —> right venous angle
Thoracic duct —> left venous angle
What are the different parts of a blastocyst?
Outer cell mass/trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity
Inner cell mass/embryoblast
What does the ectoderm form? Mesoderm? Endoderm?
Ectoderm - epidermis, neurons
Mesoderm - muscle, RBCs
Endoderm - GI + respiratory, viscera
What parts of the spine exhibit kyphosis?
Thoracic
Sacral
What parts of the spine exhibit lordosis?
Cervical
Lumbar
What are the true ribs? False? Floating?
True: 1-7 (attach directly to sternum)
False: 8-10 (don’t attach to sternum)
Floating: 11-12
3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
At what rib level is the Angle of Louis located at? What is it the landmark for?
Rib 2
T4/T5
The 3 articulating surfaces of the manubrium
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch(s)
Jugular notch
Action of the intercostal muscles/spaces
Elevate and depress ribs
What are the 3 intercostal muscles and what are their fiber orientations?
External intercostals - “hands in front pocket”
Internal intercostals - “hands in back pocket”
Innermost intercostals - parallel
At what level is the transumbilical line?
L3/L4
What is the transtubular line a landmark for?
L5
What are the boundaries of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superior: costal margin
Inferior: inguinal ligament + pelvis bones
Name the layers of the anterior abdominal wall, starting from skin and moving in.
Skin Camper’s fascia (fat) Scarpa’s fascia (membranous) External obliques Internal obliques Transversus abdominus Transversalis fascia Fat Parietal peritoneum
Which muscle connects to the rectus sheath?
External obliques
What is the midline of the rectus abdominus muscle? What about the transverse lines?
Linea alba
Intertendinous band
What are the anterior strap muscles?
Rectus abdominus
Pyrimidalis
Blood supply for the intercostal muscles
Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Nerve supply for the intercostal muscles
Intercostal nerves
Blood supply for rectus abdominus
Superior and inferior epigastric artery
Nerve supply for rectus abdominus
Subcostal nerve
Lower intercostal nerves
Nerve supply for pyramidalis
Subcostal nerve
Action of pyrimidalis and rectus abdominus
Flex trunk, compress abdominal viscera
Function of flat abdominal muscles
Compress/support viscera, flex and rotate trunk
Blood supply of pyrimidalis
Inferior epigastric artery
Where does rectus abdominus lie in the in abdominal wall?
Superiorly - between the tendons of internal obliques
Inferiorly - behind the tendon of transversus abdominus
What runs through the inguinal myopectineal orifice?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral canal
The vasculature of the intercostals muscles sits where?
In the subcostal groove between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles
Innervation of the intercostal muscles T1-T11
Anterior rami of the intercostal nerves
Innervation of the intercostal muscles T12
Anterior ramus of the subcostal nerve
Organization of the vasculature in the subcostal groove
VAN:
Vein
Artery
Nerve
Organization of the collateral vasculature of the intercostals
NAV
Nerve
Artery
Vein
The collateral vasculature of the intercostals provides what?
Sensation for that area
Exits intercostal nerve at mid-axillary line; provides vasculature to the skin
Lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal vasculature (VAN)
What nerves supply dermatomes?
Posterior rami of the spinal nerves
Communicating branches between the sympathetic trunk and intercostal nerves
Rami communicants
Postganglionic communicants
Grey ramus commincans
Preganglionic communicants
White ramus communicans
Which nerves supply the subcutaneous anterior abdominal wall?
T7-T11 anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves
T12 anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the subcostal nerve
L1 spinal nerve (iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal)
The aorta gives off which of the intercostal arteries?
Posterior intercostal arteries
The anterior intercostal arteries come off of which vessel?
Internal thoracic artery
What drains the the posterior thoracic wall? Where does it drain into?
Azygos system
Superior vena cava
What two veins drain into the azygos?
Superior: accessory hemiazygos
Inferior: hemiazygos
What do the inferior and superior epigastric arteries originate from?
Superior: internal thoracic
Inferior: external iliac
Parts of the breast
Areola Nipple Intermammary cleft (on sternum) Inframammary fold Axillary process
Produce milk; absent in men
Mammary glands
Ducts leaving the mammary gland
Lactiferous ducts/sinuses
Between breast and deep fascia; covers pectoral muscles
Retromammary space
Blood supply of the breast tissue
- Lateral thoracic artery
- Internal thoracic artery
- Medial mammary branches
- Lateral mammary branches of the lateral cutaneous branches of the POSTERIOR intercostal arteries
Venous drainage of the breast tissue
- Axillary vein
- Internal thoracic vein
Innervation of the breast tissue
- Lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve
- Anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve
Most of the breast drains into which nodes? Where does that drain? What about the medial breast? Inferior?
Majority: axillary nodes —> subclavian lymphatic trunk
Medial: parasternal nodes —> thoracic duct
Inferior: deep abdominal nodes —> thoracic duct
Where do the majority of breast tumors occur?
Near axillary lymph nodes
First node to receive lymph; usually the node that is biopsied
Sentinel node
Where do most male breast cancers occur?
Medial region near the sternum (hard to palpate
Vertebral level of the xiphoid process
T9/T10
Vertebral level of the xiphisternal joint
T7/T8
Dermatome of nipple? Bellybutton?
Nipple - T5
Bellybutton - T10
Angle of lungs on x-ray
Costrodiaphragmatic angle
Rib level of parietal pleura of pleural cavity
Anterior - Rib 8
Lateral - Rib 10
Posterior - Rib 12
Rib level of visceral pleura of pleural cavity
Anterior - Rib 6
Lateral - Rib 8
Posterior - Rib 10
Action of trapezius
Elevate/retract/depress the scapula
Innervation of latissimus dorsi
Thoracodorsal nerve
Action of latissimus dorsi
ADDuction of arm
Innervation of pectoralis major
Medial perctoral nerve
Lateral pectoral nerve
Innervation of pectoralis minor
Medial pectoral nerve
Action of pectoralis minor
Shoulder protraction
Action of pectoralis major
Shoulder ADDuction
Innervation of serratus anterior
Long thoracic nerve
Action of serratus anterior
Shoulder protraction
