Knee, Ankle, Foot

Question 1

3 extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 1

Patellar tendon
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

Question 2

3 intracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 2

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 3

Function of ACL

Answer 3

prevents tibia from displacing anteriorly

Question 4

Function of PCL

Answer 4

prevents tibia from displacing posteriorly

Question 5

Why don’t the ACL and PCL heal well?

Answer 5

They are bathed in synovial fluid where it is avascular

Question 6

What are the two menisci of the knee?

Answer 6

Medial meniscus

Lateral meniscus

Question 7

What are the 3 bursae of the knee?

Answer 7

Prepatellar
Infrapatellar
Pes anserine

Question 8

What is the most injured ligament in ankle sprains?

Answer 8

Anterior talofibular ligament

Question 9

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 9

Anterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
Posterior talofibular

Question 10

What are the medial ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 10

Deltoid ligament

Question 11

What are the tibiofibular ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 11

Anterior tibiofibular

Posterior tibiofibular

Question 12

Where can you feel the posterior tibial pulse?

Answer 12

Posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus

Question 13

Where can you feel the dorsalis pedis pulse?

Answer 13

Lateral to the extensor hallicus longus tendon, distal to prominence of navicular bone

Question 14

Incompetent valves in the veins

Answer 14

Venous insufficiency

Question 15

Clots deep in the veins of the leg that can travel to the heart/lungs as a pulmonary embolism

Answer 15

Deep vein thrombosis

Question 16

What are the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis?

Answer 16

Lower extremity surgery
Immobility
Hyper-coagulable states
Malignancy
Trauma
Pregnancy/oral contraceptives (estrogen)

Question 17

What are the compartments of the leg muscles separated by?

Answer 17

Intermuscular septa

Question 18

Elevation of interstitial pressure (as little as 20-30 mmHg) in closed fascial compartment that results in microvascular compromise; can lead to ischemia of tissue

Answer 18

Compartment syndrome

Question 19

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

Answer 19

Urgent fasciotomy and debrisment

Question 20

What are the knee extensors that form the quadriceps?

Answer 20

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

Question 21

Nerve supply for rectus femoris

Answer 21

Femoral nerve

Question 22

Blood supply for rectus femoris

Answer 22

Femoral artery

Question 23

Action for rectus femoris

Answer 23

Extension of knee

Flexion of hip

Question 24

Nerve supply for vastus lateralis

Answer 24

Femoral nerve

Question 25

Blood supply for vastus lateralis

Answer 25

Femoral artery

Question 26

Action for vastus lateralis

Answer 26

Extension of knee

Question 27

Nerve supply for vastus medialis

Answer 27

Femoral nerve

Question 28

Blood supply for vastus medialis

Answer 28

Femoral artery

Question 29

Action for vastus medialis

Answer 29

Extension of knee

Question 30

Nerve supply for vastus intermedius

Answer 30

Femoral nerve

Question 31

Blood supply for vastus intermedius

Answer 31

Femoral artery

Question 32

Action for vastus intermedius

Answer 32

Extension of knee

Question 33

What are the hip flexors?

Answer 33

Biceps femoris Iliopsoas Pectineus Tensor fascia lata

Question 34

Nerve supply to tensor fascia lata

Answer 34

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 35

Blood supply to tensor fascia lata

Answer 35

Superior gluteal artery

Question 36

Action of tensor fascia lata

Answer 36

Stabilizes extended knee Flexion of hip ABduction of hip Internal rotation of hip

Question 37

Nerve supply of pectineus

Answer 37

Femoral nerve

Question 38

Blood supply of pectineus

Answer 38

Femoral profunda artery

Question 39

Action of pectineus

Answer 39

Flexion of hip | ADDuction of hip

Question 40

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 40

Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Two heads of gastrocnemius

Question 41

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 41

``` Popliteal artery and vein Anterior and posterior tibial arteries Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve Lymph nodes ```

Question 42

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

Answer 42

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallicus longus

Question 43

Nerve supply of tibialis anterior

Answer 43

Deep fibular nerve

Question 44

Blood supply of tibialis anterior

Answer 44

Anterior tibial artery

Question 45

Action of tibialis anterior

Answer 45

Dorsiflexion of ankle | Inversion of foot

Question 46

Nerve supply of extensor hallicus longus

Answer 46

Deep fibular nerve

Question 47

Blood supply of extensor hallicus longus

Answer 47

Anterior tibial artery

Question 48

Action of extensor hallicus longus

Answer 48

Extension of great toe at IP joint

Question 49

Action of extensor digitorum longus

Answer 49

Extension of toes 2-5

Question 50

Blood supply of extensor digitorum longus

Answer 50

Anterior tibial artery

Question 51

Nerve supply of extensor digitorum longus

Answer 51

Deep fibular artery

Question 52

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

Answer 52

Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis

Question 53

Blood supply of fibularis longus

Answer 53

Fibular artery

Question 54

Nerve supply of fibularis longus

Answer 54

Superficial fibular nerve

Question 55

Action of fibularis longus

Answer 55

Foot eversion

Question 56

Blood supply of fibularis brevis

Answer 56

Fibular artery

Question 57

Nerve supply of fibularis brevis

Answer 57

Superficial fibular nerve

Question 58

Action of fibularis brevis

Answer 58

Foot eversion

Question 59

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg?

Answer 59

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

Question 60

What muscles make up the triceps surae?

Answer 60

Gastrocnemius | Soleus

Question 61

Action of gastrocnemius

Answer 61

Plantarflexion of ankle

Question 62

Nerve supply of gastrocnemius

Answer 62

Tibial nerve

Question 63

Blood supply of gastrocnemius

Answer 63

Posterior tibial artery, fibular artery

Question 64

Blood supply of soleus

Answer 64

Posterior tibial artery

Question 65

Nerve supply of soleus

Answer 65

Tibial nerve

Question 66

Action of soleus

Answer 66

Plantarflexion of ankle

Question 67

Blood supply of plantaris

Answer 67

Posterior tibial artery

Question 68

Nerve supply of plantaris

Answer 68

Tibial nerve

Question 69

Action of plantaris

Answer 69

Plantarflexion of ankle | Flexion of knee

Question 70

What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg?

Answer 70

Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallicus longus Popliteus

Question 71

Action of tibialis posterior

Answer 71

Inversion of foot | Plantarflexion of ankle

Question 72

Blood supply of tibialis posterior

Answer 72

Posterior tibial artery

Question 73

Nerve supply of tibialis posterior

Answer 73

Tibial nerve

Question 74

Action of flexor digitorum longus

Answer 74

Flexion of toes 2-5 at DIP joints | Plantarflexion of ankle

Question 75

Blood supply of flexor digitorum longus

Answer 75

Posterior tibial artery

Question 76

Nerve supply of flexor digitorum longus

Answer 76

Tibial nerve

Question 77

Action of flexor hallicus longus

Answer 77

Flexion of great toe at IP joint

Question 78

Blood supply of flexor hallicus longus

Answer 78

Posterior tibial artery

Question 79

Nerve supply of flexor hallicus longus

Answer 79

Tibial nerve

Question 80

Action of popliteus

Answer 80

“Unlocks” extended knee to initiate knee flexion by internal rotation of the tibia or external rotation of the femur

Question 81

Blood supply of popliteus

Answer 81

Popliteal artery

Question 82

Nerve supply of popliteus

Answer 82

Tibial nerve

Question 83

What structure makes up the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 83

Flexor retinaculum

Question 84

What structures go through the tarsal tunnel, starting inferiorly from the medial malleolus?

Answer 84

“Tom, Dick, And, Nervous Harry” ``` (T)ibialis Posterior Flexor (Di)gitorum Longus Posterior Tibial (A)rtery Tibial (Nerv)e Flexor (Ha)llicus Longus ```

Question 85

What is the most commonly damaged nerve in the leg?

Answer 85

Superficial fibular nerve