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BUPA Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the cerebellum sit?

A

Posterior fossa

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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3
Q

Which layer of the meninges absorbs CSF? How?

A

Arachnoid mater via arachnoid granulations

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4
Q

What is the most commonly damaged artery with a fracture to the temple of the head?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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5
Q

What is the most commonly affected artery in an epidural hematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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6
Q

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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7
Q

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

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8
Q

Separates occipital lobes from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

What are the main venous sinuses of the head?

A 
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses
Occipital sinus
Cavernous sinus
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10
Q

Which sinus is most likely to be involved in the spread of infection? Why?

A

Cavernous sinus —> it also drains the face

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11
Q

Which structure runs among the veins of the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

CNs III-VI

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of a subdural hematoma?

A

Trauma/ damage from rotational velocity —> tear of a cerebral vein (between dura mater and arachnoid mater)

*bleeds slowly - “awake and dead”

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13
Q

Responsible for voluntary motor functions, planning, mood, smell, emotions, and social judgement

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

Receives and integrates sensory information

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

Visual center of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

Areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and emotional behavior

A

Temporal lobe

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17
Q

What structures are located in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobes

Olfactory bulbs and tracts

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18
Q

What structures are located in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

Pituitary gland

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19
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Keeps you awake and focuses your attention to certain stimuli; problem solving; located in brain stem

A

Reticular activating system

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21
Q

Over half of the brain’s neurons are located where?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What structures are located in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Brain stem

Cerebellum

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23
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Buoyancy of the brain

Protective cushioning

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24
Q

The result of overproduction, flow obstruction, or malabsorption of CSF

A

Hydrocephalus

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25
Q

What can cause hydrocephalus?

A

Damage to the arachnoid granulations

Stenosis of duct

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26
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries travel in the spine?

A

Transverse foramina of the vertebrae

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27
Q

The vertebral arteries come together to form what?

A

Basilar artery

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28
Q

What arteries make up the circle of Willis?

A 
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating arteries
Middle cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
Basilar artery
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29
Q

Infarct of which arteries can lead to Wallenberg’s Syndrome (loss of balance, coordination, sensation of the face and body, sense of body position and midline, vocal cord function, and eye movement coordination)?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)

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30
Q

What is the most common site of aneurysms in the circle of Willis?

A

Anterior communicating arteries

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31
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Between T12-L3

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32
Q

Which the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements give rise to what?

A

Cervical - brachial plexus

Lumbosacral - lumbar/sacral plexuses

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33
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

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34
Q

Where is CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space

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35
Q

What is the best place to do a spinal tap?

A

Between L3 and L4 into lumbar cistern

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36
Q

Sheet of pia mater that suspends spinal cord in the dural sac

A

Denticulate ligaments

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37
Q

End of the spinal cord (location)

A

Conus medullaris - L1/L2

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38
Q

Located in the lumbar cistern

A

Cauda equina

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39
Q

What structures pass over the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory nerves (CN I)

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40
Q

What structures pass through the optic canal?

A 
Optic nerve (CN II)
Ophthalmic artery
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41
Q

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Abducent nerve (CN VI)
Ophthalmic veins
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42
Q

What structures pass through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

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43
Q

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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44
Q

What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

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45
Q

What structures pass through the foramen lacerum?

A

Internal carotid artery

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46
Q

What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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47
Q

What structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Internal jugular vein

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48
Q

What structures pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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49
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla
Meninges
Spinal root of CN XI
Vertebral arteries

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50
Q

What is CN I and what does it do?

A

Olfactory nerve

Olfactory information

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51
Q

What is CN II and what does it do?

A

Optic

Visual information

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52
Q

What is CN III and what does it do?

A

Oculomotor

Innervates most eye muscles

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53
Q

What CN contribute to somatic motor pathways?

A

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducent
Hypoglossal

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54
Q

What is CN IV and what does it do?

A

Trochlear

Superior oblique eye muscle

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55
Q

What is CN V and what does it do?

A

Trigeminal

Chewing muscles + facial sensation

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56
Q

What is CN VI and what does it do?

A

Abducent

Lateral rectus of the eye

57
Q

What is CN VII and what does it do?

A

Facial
Facial muscles + taste ant 2/3 (chorda tympani)+ eye lid + back of ear _ salivary and lacromal glands + nasal/palatal glands

58
Q

What is CN VIII and what does it do?

A

Vestibulocochlear

Hearing + balance

59
Q

What is CN IX and what does it do?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Salivation + 1/3 post taste

60
Q

What is CN X and what does it do?

A

Vagus

Heart, gut, midgut + swallowing

61
Q

A lesion in what cranial nerve would cause a deviation in the uvula? In which direction?

A

Vagus, deviates away from the lesion

62
Q

What is CN XI and what does it do?

A

Spinal accessory

SCM and trapezius

63
Q

What is CN XII and what does it do?

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue movements

64
Q

What nerve developed in the first branchial arch?

A

Trigeminal V3

65
Q

What nerve developed in the second branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve

66
Q

What nerve developed in the third branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

67
Q

What nerve developed in the fourth branchial arch?

A

Vagus

68
Q

What nerve developed in the sixth branchial arch?

A

Spinal accessory

69
Q

What nucleus does CNV3 originate from?

A

Trigeminal nucleus (branchiomotor)

70
Q

What nucleus does CN VII originate from?

A 
Facial nucleus (branchiomotor)
Superior salivary nucleus (parasympathetic)
71
Q

What nucleus does CN IX originate from?

A 
Nucleus ambiguous (branchiomotor)
Inferior salivary (parasympathetic)
72
Q

What nucleus does CN X originate from?

A 
Nucleus ambiguus (branciomotor)
Dorsal motor nucleus (parasympathetic)
73
Q

Where does CN XI originate from?

A

Cervical accessory nucleus (branchiomotor)

74
Q

What nucleus does CN XII originate from?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus (somatic motor)

75
Q

What nucleus does CN III originate from?

A 
Edinger-westphal (parasymapthetic)
Oculomotor nucleus (somatic motor)
76
Q

What nucleus does CNIV originate from?

A

Troachlear (motor)

77
Q

What ganglion does CN III project to and or what action?

A

Ciliary ganglion (parasympathetic) - pupillary/cilliary response

78
Q

What ganglion does CN VII project to for which action?

A 
Pterygopalatine ganglion (parasymapthetic) - lacromal gland for tears
Submandibular gland (parasymapthetic) - submandibular/sublingual glands for salivation
79
Q

What ganglion does CN IX project to for which action?

A

Otic ganglion (parasymapthetics) —> parotid gland for salivation

80
Q

What ganglion does CN X project to for which action?

A

Cardiac/mesenteric ganglion (parasympathetic) —> heart, foregut, gut parasympathetics

81
Q

What are the two organs/nerves supplied by sympathetic motor neurons?

A

Eye and tongue:

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducent
Hypoglossal

82
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?

A

Trigeminal ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei

Face

83
Q

What are the 3 trigeminal sensory nuclei and what information do the each receive?

A

Mesencephalic - proprioception
Principle sensory - discriminative touch
Spinal trigeminal - pain + temperature

84
Q

Where does the glossopgaryngeal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?

A

Superior glossopharyngeal ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei

Oropharynx

85
Q

Where does the vagus nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?

A

Jugular ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei

86
Q

Where does the facial nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?

A

Geniculate ganglion —> trigeminal nuclei

Back of ears

87
Q

Where does the facial nerve travel/synapse to to relay TASTE sensory information? What kind of taste information?

A

Geniculate ganglion —> rostral nucleus solitarius

Anterior 1/3 of tongue

88
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TASTE sensory information? What kind of taste information?

A

Petrosal ganglion —> rostral nucleus solitarius

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

89
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve travel/synapse to to relay HEARING/BALANCE sensory information?

A

Straight to the cochlear and vestibular nuceli

90
Q

Where does the vagus nerve travel/synapse to to relay cardiac and gut sensory information as well as pain?

A

Inferior vagaries ganglion —> Caudal nucleus solitarius

91
Q

Where does the DCML tract travel in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior/dorsal column between the dorsal horns

Cervical portions are most medial to the horns

Decussates at medulla

92
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract travel in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior: Immediately anterior to the dorsal horn

Cervical portions are most medial to the horns

Decussates at medulla

93
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract travel in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior: lateral to the ventral horn

Cervical portions are most medial to the horns

Decussates at level of the spinal cord

94
Q

What structures run through the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI

Internal carotid

95
Q

What would damage to the facial nerve do?

A

Produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste

96
Q

The motor branch of the facial nerve exits where to reach the muscles of mastecation?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

97
Q

Nerve carrying parasymapthetics (from facial nerve) to the lacromal gland

A

Greater petrosal nerve

98
Q

Nerve carrying taste and parasymapthetics to salivary glands; runs across tympanic membrane and piggy backs on V3

A

Chorda tympani

99
Q

Damage to the facial nerve as it exits stylomastoid foramen

A

Bell’s palsy

100
Q

What are the signs of Bell’s palsy?

A

Sagging eyelid, drooping mouth, paralysis of muscles of facial expression

101
Q

If one hypoglossal nerve is damaged, the tongue deviates to which side?

A

Tongue deviates toward injured side

102
Q

What would a lesion of the CN XI result in?

A

Trapezius atrophy; weakness in shrugging, impairment of rotational movements of neck (SCM)

103
Q

Which muscle is responsible for eye opening?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

104
Q

Which muscle is responsible for pupil constriction?

A

Circular muscle

105
Q

Which muscle is responsible for pupil dilation and focusing?

A

Ciliary muscle

106
Q

What are the symptoms of oculomotor palsy? What nerve is damaged?

A

Ptosis of superior eye lid
Eyeball pointing down and out
No pupillary reflex
No accommodation

107
Q

Damage to the trochlear nerve causes what?

A

Double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally

108
Q

Damage to the abducens nerve causes what?

A

Inability to rotate eye laterally; eye rests medially

109
Q

Which nerve is easily stretch or compressed with increased intercranial pressure?

A

Abducens — bends sharply over petrosal part of temporal bone

110
Q

Loss of smell

A

Ansomia

111
Q

What would the symptoms of a lower motor neuron lesion?

A 
Flaccid
Decreased tone
Decreased muscle stretch reflexes
Profound muscle atrophy
Fasciculations present
Sensory disturbances
112
Q

What would the symptoms of a upper motor neuron lesion?

A 
Spasticity
Increased tone
Increased muscle stretch reflexes
Minimal muscle atrophy
Fasciculations present
Sensory disturbances
113
Q

Transparent mucous membrane

A

Conjunctiva

114
Q

Covers sclera and contains blood vessels

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

115
Q

Space bound by palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

A

Conjunctival sac

116
Q

Names the structures deep to the eye lid

A

Orbicularis oculi
Superior and inferior tarsi (connective tissue)
Tarsal glands (within tarsi; lubricate eyelid

117
Q

Name the path way of tears

A

Lacrimal gland —> lacrimal duct —>lacrimal canaliculi (corner of eye) —> lacrimal lake —> lacrimal sac —> nasolacrimal duct —> nasal cavity

118
Q

Muscle that elevates the eyelid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

119
Q

Action of the superior oblique

A

Look down and out

120
Q

Action of the inferior oblique

A

look up and out

121
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye and what’s in them?

A

Fibrous: sclera and cornea
Vascular: choroid, ciliary body, iris
Inner: retina

122
Q

White of the eye; dense layer of connective tissue

A

Sclera

123
Q

Clear anterior surface of the eye continuous with sclera

A

Cornea

124
Q

Dense vascular bed of the eye

A

Choroid

125
Q

Controls contraction of lens

A

Ciliary body

126
Q

Thin contractile diaphragm with pupil; transmits light

A

Iris

127
Q

Parasymapthetic muscle of the ciliary body; constricts

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle

128
Q

Sympathetic muscle of the ciliary body; dilates

A

Dilator pupillae muscle

129
Q

Posterior part of the retina where light is focused

A

Ocular fundus

130
Q

Blind spot of the eye

A

Optic disc

131
Q

The area of most acute vision; many cones

A

Fovea centralis

132
Q

Yellow spot, surrounds fovea

A

Macula lutea

133
Q

What is the blood supply to the eyes?

A 
Ophthalmic artery (off internal carotid)
Central retinal artery (off ophthalmic artery)
134
Q

Bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

135
Q

What are the to muscles protecting the tympanic membrane from loudness?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

136
Q

Connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

137
Q

Opens up the pharyngotympanic tube

A

Levator veli palatini

Tensor veli palatini

138
Q

What 3 nerves contribute to inner ear sensation?

A

CN V3 - tensor tympani
CN VII - stapedius muscle
CN IX - tympanic membrane/plexus
CN VIII - cochlea and semilunar canals

BUPA Anatomy (13 decks)

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