Back & Spine Flashcards
Which curvatures have lordosis? Which have kyphosis?
Lordosis: cervical, lumbar
Kyphosis: thoracic, sacral
What is the difference between primary and secondary curvature?
Primary: develops during fetal period (thoracic and sacral)
Secondary: develops later due to posture (cervical and lumbar)
What are the processes of a vertebra?
1 spinous
2 transverse
4 articular (2 superior, 2 inferior)
Where do the spinal nerves exit?
C1-C7 = superior to corresponding vertebrae C8-Co = inferior to corresponding vertebrae
Another name for C1
Atlas
Another name for C2
Axis
C1/C2 joint
Atlantoaxial joint
What movement does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?
Nodding of head
What movement does the atlantoaxial joint allow?
Rotation of head
How can you distinguish between different vertebrae?
Cervical - will have a vertebral artery foramen on both sides
Thoracic - heart-shaped body
Lumbar - kidney-shaped body; short spinous process
Outer, fibrous, concentric rings of the spinous disc
Annulus fibroSUS
Inner gelatinous mass of a spinous disc
Nucleus pulposus
Between the articular processes; permit gliding between articular surfaces
Zygapophyseal joints
What happens during a herniated disc?
Annulus fibrosus breaks and nucleus pulposus leaks and puts pressure on the spinal cord
What are the erector spinae muscles?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Nerve supply of trapezius
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Blood supply of the trapezius
Transverse cervical artery
Action of the trapezius
Elevation/depression/retraction/upward rotation of scapula
Blood supply of rhomboid minor
Dorsal scapular artery
Nerve supply of rhomboid minor
Dorsal scapular nerve
Action of rhomboid minor
Retraction of scapula
Downward rotation of scapula
Action of rhomboid major
Retraction of scapula
Downward rotation of scapula
Nerve supply of rhomboid major
Dorsal scapular nerve
Blood supply of rhomboid major
Dorsal scapular artery
Action of levator scapulae
Elevation of scapula
Downward rotation of scapula
Nerve supply of levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular nerve
Blood supply of levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular artery
Action of latissimus dorsi
Extension of shoulder
Internal rotation of shoulder
ADDuction of shoulder
Nerve supply of latissimus dorsi
Thoracodorsal nerve
Blood supply of latissimus dorsi
Thoracodorsal artery
Action of iliocostalis
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column
Blood supply of iliocostalis
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply of iliocostalis
Posterior intercostal arteries
Lumbar arteries
Origin/Insertion of iliocostalis
Ribs, transverse processes
Origin/insertion of longissimus
Ribs, transverse processes, mastoid process
Action of longissimus
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column
Blood supply of longissimus
Posterior intercostal arteries
Lumbar arteries
Nerve supply of longissimus
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action of spinalis
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column
Origin/Insertion of spinalis
Spinous processes
Nerve supply of spinalis
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply of spinalis
Posterior intercostal arteries
Lumbar arteries
What is the most common location for a herniated disc?
Between L4/L5 or L5/S1
Itchy, sharp pain caused by nerve roots
Radiculopathy
Lamina of L5 or S1 don’t fuse but covered by skin; indicated by birthmark or tuft
Spina bifida occulta
Vertebral arches don’t develop at all —> herniation of meninges (meningocele) or spinal cord (meningomyelocele)
Spina bifida cystica
