Gait

Question 1

What are the two phases of gait?

Answer 1

Stance phase

Swing phase

Question 2

What occurs during the stance phase?

Answer 2

1. Heel strike (double-leg support)
2. Flat foot (single-leg support)
3. Mid-stance (single-leg support)
4. Heel off (single-leg support, push off)
5. Toe off (double-leg support, push off

Question 3

What occurs during the swing phase?

Answer 3

6. Initial and mid-swing (single-leg support)
7. Terminal swing (single-leg support)
   Cycle repeats

Question 4

What percent of the gait cycle is double support?

Answer 4

20%

Question 5

What percent of the gait cycle is single support?

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

What percent of the gait cycle is single foot on ground?

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

What is the advantage of minimizing shifts in center of mass?

Answer 7

Decreases cost of walking

Question 8

What muscles prevent pelvic tilt/hip drop?

Answer 8

Hip abductors

Question 9

What muscles decrease vault distance?

Answer 9

Knee flexion

Question 10

What increases stride length and limits center of mass shift?

Answer 10

Pelvic rotation

Question 11

What acts as the base of support under the center of mass?

Answer 11

Valgus knee (medial knee displacement)

Question 12

A positive trendelenburg sign means damage to which nerve/muscles?

Answer 12

Contralateral side of hip drop

Gluteus mediums and gluteus minimus

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 13

What is the Q-angle?

Answer 13

Angle from where the femur meets the tibia

Aka. Angle of femur to line of gravity (more exaggerated in females)

Question 14

Damage to what nerve/muscles leads to foot drop/loss of dorsiflexion?

Answer 14

Common fibulae nerve

Extensor muscles of the lower leg

Question 15

What are the 3 types of arches in the foot?

Answer 15

Longitudinal medial (higher)
Longitudinal lateral (lower
Transverse

Question 16

What are the passive and dynamic forces that maintain the arches in the foot?

Answer 16

Passive - shape of bones, ligaments, fibrous tissue

Dynamic - muscle contraction

Question 17

What is the term for flat feet?

Answer 17

Pes planus

Question 18

What are the main cause of flat feet?

Answer 18

Tibilais posterior dysfunction —> plantar calcaneonavicular ligament fails to support head of talus —> displaces inferiorly

Question 19

What occurs if there is a deviation of the hallux toward the 2nd digit?

Answer 19

Hallux valgus (bunion)

Question 20

stance phase of gait is abnormally shortened relative to the swing phase in order to avoid pain

Answer 20

Antalgic gait

Question 21

upper extremity held in flexion, abducted and internally rotated; the lower extremity is in extension —> leg is “too long” therefore, the patient will have to circumduct or swing the leg around to step forward — due to stroke on contralateral side

Answer 21

Hemiplegic gait

Question 22

Characteristic of cerebral palsy; spastic movements; increased reflexes + tone; extensors very strong —> make it hard to flex

Answer 22

Diplegic gait

Question 23

Walking with foot dragging on the floor or exaggerated knee flexiion

Answer 23

Neuropathic gait (foot drop)

Question 24

Gait with a pelvic tilt due to gluteus medius and minimus weakness

Answer 24

Myopathic gait (trendelengburg sign)

Question 25

Characteristic of Huntington’s disease; spastic, uncoordinated movements

Answer 25

Choreiform gait

Question 26

Uncoordinated movement; intention tremor; loss of coordination that improves when the movement stops (seen in intoxicated people)

Answer 26

Ataxic gait/movement

Question 27

Resting tremor; shuffling gait; positive lead-pipe test (trying to bend arm feels like trying to bend a pipe); consistent with Parkinson’s disease

Answer 27

Parkinsonian gait

Question 28

Stomping gait; can’t sense where foot is; common in diabetics

Answer 28

Sensory gait