Respiratiory Sytem

Question 1

Upper airway

Answer 1

Air passages in the nose
- tiny hairs in nose ( cila) of ciliated epithelial tissue begin to filter atmospheric air

• goblet cells in ciliated epithelial tissue secrete mucous which traps dust and moistens air

Cilia sweep the mucous, dust and bacteria away from the airways, preventing their entry into the body.

Question 2

( upper airways)Warm air
Trachea

Answer 2

The air is warmed further as it passes through the nasopharynx, pharynx and larynx.
Air then passes into the trachea - a large, strong tube which is held open by rings of hyaline cartilage.

Question 3

Lungs

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchus
Bronchioles

Answer 3

The trachea divides into two - the right and left bronchi, which enter the right and left lungs.
• Each bronchus then divides into smaller bronchioles.

Question 4

Functioning Aveoli

Answer 4

Bronchioles then subdivide into alveoli (small air sacs). Each warms and moistens inhaled air, bringing it close to gas exchange surfaces during inspiration, and transporting waste gases out during expiration.

Question 5

Alveoli

Answer 5

The alveoli are thin-walled and covered with tiny capillaries. This enables the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood, to be exhaled. In an adult each lung contains millions of tiny alveoli.

Question 6

What is ventilation
Breathing rate and depths

Answer 6

Ventilation
Ventilation (breathing) is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, not to be confused with respiration (gas exchange). The average adult ventilation rate is 12-15 breaths per minute.
Breathing rate and depth are regulated by the autonomic nervous system , specifically by two parts of the brain called the medulla oblongata and the pons. These structures receive information about the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, and respond by sending nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles.

Question 7

What are the two muscles that are involved in ventilation

Answer 7

• the diagraph is domed shaped below the throaic cavity Intercostal muscle
• the intercostal muscles- occupy spaces between the 12 pairs of ribs

Question 8

Inspiration and expiration

Answer 8

During inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract simultaneously increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, and lowering the pressure in the air passages and alveoli, causing air to be drawn into the lungs.
• Relaxation of these muscles causes a decrease in thoracic volume, pressure to rise, and expiration.

Question 9

Gas exchange

Answer 9

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is a continuous process, independent of the respiratory oycle, with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanging across the walls of the alveoli at the same time.

Question 10

Diffusion in the lungs

Answer 10

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In the lungs the difference in concentration of gases in the alveoli and gases dissolved in capillary blood leads to diffusion.

Question 11

ASTHMA

Answer 11

-Chronic inflammatory disease, bronchi becomes oversentivive making it inflamed or bc of over mucus production
Respiratory system
Airways are narrow, difficult for air to movement in and out, coughing and wheeezing
- poor oxygen levels reaching avelio effects the oxygen levels in blood
Immune system Airways
Allergic reaction- pollen dust
Non allergic reaction - smoke , pollution
Nervous system - tigger nervous system, emotional stress, anxiety

Question 12

CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE ( COPD)

Answer 12

proggressive lung disease affecting airflow
It affects
Respiratory system Airways
- airways become inflamed and swelled creating excess muscle and coughing
- low oxygen to aveloi prevents gas exchange from happening ( carbon dioxide and oxygen ) reduced the amount of oxygen.
Circulatory- pulmonary HYPERTENSION low oxygen contracts blood flow putting pressure of pulmonary arteries
MUSCKELTAL- indirectly muscle opacity muscle weakness lack of physical activity

Question 13

Pneumonia

Answer 13

Inflammation and fluid occur in the alveoli in one or both aveloi

Respiratory- low oxygen

Cardiovascular- low oxygen pump blood more

Immune system - more infections

Question 14

Lung cancer

Answer 14

There is an abnormal amount of ce growth tissue in lungs cuaing tumor

Respiratory - coughing
Circulatory- passed in the blood affecting after areas
Musckeltal- weakened muscles