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Introduction to the science of sport, exercise and health > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

A
  • Work together in an integrated manner
  • Together ensure access to oxygen for every cell
  • Also allow disposal of waste product, CO2
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2
Q

What are the changes that happen during exercise an example of

A

How the systems act as an integrated whole

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3
Q

What do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems do during exercise and why

A
  • working muscle requires more oxygen
  • redirects blood
  • Increasing cardiac output, respiratory rate and tidal volume
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4
Q

External respiration

A

movement of gasses between environment and the body’s cells

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5
Q

External respiration

- 3 exchanges

A
  1. Atmosphere to lung (ventilation)
  2. Lung to blood
  3. Blood to cells
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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Intercellular reaction of O2 with various molecules to produce CO2, water and energy (ATP)

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7
Q

Respiratory system

- Main functions

A
  • Exchange of gasses
  • Involved in regulation of PH in organism
  • Protective function - prevent pathogens and other irritants getting into the rest of the system
  • Allows you to speak - air passing through vocal chords
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8
Q

Respiratory system

- Main parts

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Lung
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9
Q

Nose

A

Air enters body through nose, where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

From nose air moves down to pharynx or throat, which is shared with the digestive system

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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

Small flap of tissue folds of trachea and prevents food entering it when you swallow

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12
Q

Larynx

A
  • Voice box

contain vocal chords, which vibrate to produce sound

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13
Q

Trachea

A

From pharynx air moves down towards the lungs through the trachea
- Made up of stiff rings of cartilage that support and protect it

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14
Q

Bronchus

A

Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchi which lead inside the lungs

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15
Q

Lung

A
  • Main organs of respiration

- soft, spongy texture - due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them

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16
Q

Airways

A
  • Trachea branches in to two bronchi - one to each lung
  • Each bronchus branches 22 more times
  • Finally terminating in a cluster of alveoli
  • As size of branches reduces the number of the increases
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17
Q

Cilia

A

Propels mucus up the throat through the momentum of them moving

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18
Q

Alveoli

A
  • The larger the area of reaction the more oxygen can be absorbed and CO2 expelled
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19
Q

Alveoli to red blood cell

A
  • Premature babies are born without type II cells - why they sometimes die due to respiration problems
  • Type I cells allow gas exchange
  • Type II cells secrete a liquid called surfactant with protein and phosphor lipids
20
Q

Alveolar structure

A

Composed of type I cells for gas exchange and type II cells that synthesize surfactant
- Alveolar macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches the alveoli

21
Q

Atmospheric air pressure

A

760mmHg (sea level, dry)

22
Q

What makes up the air

A
  • nitrogen
  • oxygen
  • CO2
  • Water vapor
23
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of the individual gases

24
Q

What is the pressure of a single gas referred to as

A

Partial pressure (P)

25
Q

Which way do individual diffuse

A

from higher to lower partial pressure

26
Q

Partial pressure gradient

A

Partial pressure gradient is the primary driving force of the lung-blood and blood-cells gas exchanges

27
Q

Area of gas exchange

A
  • Airways connect lungs to the environment via about 20-30 branched generations
  • Alveolar surface area for gas exchange is about half the area of a tennis court
  • Capillary surface area for gas exchange in periphery exceeds that for alveoli
28
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

high flow, low-pressure system

29
Q

Breathing

A
  • Occurs because the thoracic cavity changes volume

- Breathing rate is 10-20 breaths/minute at rest, and 40-45 at maximal in adults

30
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Inspiration uses external intercostals and diaphragm to enable us to breath
31
Q

Expiration

A
  • Passive at rest

- uses internal intercostals and abdominals during severe respiratory load

32
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • responsible for 60-70% of change in thoracic volume
  • Edges are attached to rib cage
  • Only moves 1-2cm
  • Diaphragm relaxes when we exhale
  • Moisture inside and moisture outside
33
Q

Intercostals

A
  • Pump handle motion increases anterior - posterior dimensions of rib cage
  • Bucket handle motion increases lateral dimensions of rib cage
34
Q

Lung volumes

A
  • Dead space in the average young male is 150ml
  • When we are relaxed 0.5 litres of air comes out with each cycle (tidal volume)
  • we can exhale more when requires (known as expiratory reserve volume) - 1ishL
  • We can inhale more if required (known as inspiratory reserve volume)
  • 4-5L for vital capacity (when you add tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory reserve volume together) - more in athletes
  • 1-2L of residual air
35
Q

Use of the reserve volumes

A
  • tidal volume increases

- breath more frequently

36
Q

Effects of dead space

A

Due to rate that alveolar rate is renewed, rate of alveolar ventilation is low due to the effect of dead space

37
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

one of the major determinants of the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli

38
Q

Slow replacement of alveolar air

A

To replace half the gas in the alveoli it takes approx. 17s

- Is important because prevents sudden fluctuation of gas concentration in the blood

39
Q

Pressure changes

A
  • Changes in volume, means changes in pressure, allowing air to move from high pressure to low pressure
  • Pressure changes proportionally
  • when inhaling chest cavity increases - so pressure decreases - allowing air to flow into lungs
  • When exhaling chest cavity decreases - so pressure increases, so is higher atmospheric pressure around - so air can flow out of lungs
40
Q

Summary of steps involved in respiration

A
  • ventilation
  • gas exchanges between alveolar air and lung capillaries
  • bulk transport via the circulation
  • gas exchange between capillaries and tissue cells and cellular utilization of O2 and production of CO2
41
Q

Ventilation during exercise

A
  • Ventilation increases when we start to exercise

- source of info - we have receptors in muscle

42
Q

Regulation of breathing

A

-

43
Q

Regulation of breathing

A
  • Respiratory muscles are under neutral control in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brain stem and voluntary control
44
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in brain

- Monitor CO2 - triggers inspiratory centre when levels get too high

45
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Located in aortic arch and carotid artery (O2, CO2, PH)

46
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Located in air passages, stimulate the expiratory centre to prevent lung over-inflation

Introduction to the science of sport, exercise and health (24 decks)

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