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Introduction to the science of sport, exercise and health > Gender differences > Flashcards

Gender differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened in 60s & 70s

A

It became clear that gender could influence biomedical research results

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2
Q

Why may disease & treatment vary between genders

A

As diseases can affect the two differently

- Certain diseases affect one gender more than the other

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3
Q

How can gender be determined after death

A
  • Women generally have bigger pelvises

- Men generally have more skeletal muscles and bigger frames

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4
Q

Osteoporosis

A

80% patients are women

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5
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

3-fold more common in women than men

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6
Q

Depression

A

2-3 times more common in women than men

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7
Q

Depression

- reasons why more common in women

A
  • Possible connection to women producing less serotonin (neurotransmitter) - though some peoples doesn’t improve with antidepressants (boosts serotonin)
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8
Q

Other mental health diseases

A

Sex-based differences also present in incidence & expression of schizophrenia, PTSD, panic disorder, etc.

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9
Q

Potential causes of sex-based differences in physiology & disease

A
  • Societal
  • Genetic
  • Effects of the sex steroids
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10
Q

Societal

A
  • Lifestyle/behaviour - Some female athletes show very similar physiological traits as men
  • Environmental
  • Healthcare
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11
Q

Genetic

A

Linked to x- or Y- chromosome

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12
Q

transgender people

A

It can be hard to treat transgender people because some treatments are gender based and they are truly the opposite gender than is at face value

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13
Q

Effects of sex steroids

- Ones involved

A
  • Androgens, estrogens and progestins

- All present in both males and females

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14
Q

Effects of sex steroids

- Estrogens & androgens

A

Physiologically important in both males and females

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15
Q

Sex hormones & life stages

- Prenatal development

A

Sexual differentiation - all start off as female in womb

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16
Q

Maturation

A

Child, adolescent & young adult

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17
Q

Other life stages

A
  • Variation with menstrual cycle in women

- Pregnancy

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18
Q

Cancer

A

Some cancers target one gender rather than the other because of the hormones they target

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19
Q

Menopause

A

Causes abrupt drop in estrogen & progesterone

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20
Q

Hormones with aging

A

Gradual decline in testosterone with aging in both men & women
- After the menopause the difference in physiology and hormones becomes smaller, as men and women become more similar

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21
Q

sex based differences in body comp & structure

- Well known (stereotypes)

A

Men have:

  • Greater bone mass
  • Greater muscle mass
  • Lower %bf - typically because women have higher due to reproductive system
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22
Q

Structural differences in M&F

A
  • Men have bigger hearts and lungs
  • Men have bigger brains
  • Gastrointestinal system
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23
Q

Differences in ‘normal values’

  • Cardiovascular
  • Blood pressure
A

5-10mmHg higher in men than women

- Difference disappears after menopause

24
Q

HR

A

Lower in men than age-matched women

25
Q

ECG intervals

A

some longer in women

26
Q

Renal

- Kidney filtration rate

A
  • Slightly lower in young female than age matched men
  • May decline more rapidly with age in men than women
  • Men’s kidneys are generally more worn out and show more strain then womens
27
Q

Liver

A
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Drug metabolism - there is a difference in the way that men and women metabolise drugs - which is why certain medications (even at the same dose) affect a man and women in completely different ways
28
Q

Other difference in physiological function

A
  • Gastrointestinal
  • immune system
  • kidney
  • Lung
  • skin
  • Etc.
29
Q

Heart disease

A

Leading cause of death in both men and women

30
Q

Heart disease

- Differences between gender

A
  • Starts 10 years later in women than men

- Difference in symptoms, progression and outcomes

31
Q

Stroke

A

More likely in women than men

32
Q

Heart size

A
  • Men have significantly greater left ventricle mass than women as well as chamber size
  • Because men have to generally pump more blood around the body due to having bigger frames
33
Q

Blood pressure

A

Women have lower resting blood pressure

  • Also have lower tolerance to shifting posture and sudden changes in position - more likely to faint
  • Equal to men after menopause
34
Q

Typical signals of a heart attack

A
  • Chest discomfort/uncomfortable pressure/squeezing or pain in centre of chest
  • spreading pain to one or both arms, back, jaw or stomach
  • Cold sweats and nausea
35
Q

Women and heart attacks

A
  • Only 30% exhibit typical symptoms
36
Q

Typical heart attack signals - women

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • sleeplessness
  • back pain or jaw pain
  • generalized weakness
  • Leads to late treatment and preventable deaths
37
Q

BF

A

women typically have higher bf% (5-10%) and lower muscle mass than an average male

38
Q

How do women metabolise carbs

A

Women metabolise carbs like glucose at varying rates depending where they are in their menstrual cycle
- Why women get different cravings when they are on their periods

39
Q

Metabolism during endurance exercise

A

Females burn more fat and less carbs and protein during endurance exercise compared to males

40
Q

Lung capacity

A

Men have larger lungs, wider airways, and greater lung diffusion capacity than women - even if normalised to height

41
Q

Consequence of structural difference in lungs

A

Compared to young healthy males, maximal exercise capacity may be limited by pulmonary capacity in women - especially as they age

42
Q

Brain circumference

A

12-20% larger in boys than girls

- Based on body weight at this age - if similar weight, they will have similar size of brain

43
Q

head circumference

A

boys 2% larger than girls

44
Q

Brain weight

A

11-12% more in men than women - heads also 2% bigger

45
Q

Cognitive abilities

A
  • Said that women are better at certain language abilities and men are better at certain spatial abilities
  • Many studies have tried to find difference in R & L cerebral hemispheres to suggest male and female brains are different - however few have been found meaningful - often bad studies
46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

preoptic area and the suprachiasmatic nucleus have clear differences in male and female brains

47
Q

Preoptic area

A
  • Difference only apparent after 4 y/o
  • Area involved in mating behaviour
  • Greater in volume, cross section and number of cells than in women
48
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • Involved in circadian rhythms & reproduction cycles

- Shaped like sphere in men and more elongated in women

49
Q

Differences in skeletons

A
  • Men have thicker and longer limbs
  • Men have bigger and longer leg bones
  • Women have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth and less angular mandibles (jawbone)
  • Women have less pronounced cranial features
  • Women have bigger hips than men
50
Q

Sex determination from skeletons

A
  • Only can tell difference in adolescent and adult skeletons because there are far fewer sexual differences in children before puberty
  • Men typically have larger muscle attachment points on their bones
51
Q

Pelvis

A
  • The great sciatic notch is wider in women than men 68degress in women, less for men
  • Acetabulum (head of femur meets pubic bone) bigger and deeper in men - because men have narrow pelvis
  • Sacrum straighter in females more curved in men
  • Pelvic inlet is larger and more round in females - to facilitate child birth
52
Q

Skull

A
  • Chin more square in men and more pointed in females
  • Forehead more slanted back on males and more rounded in females
  • Men have more pronounced brow ridges
53
Q

Training recommendations

A

Many biased against women as were developed from all-male trials

54
Q

Studies and training programmes

A
  • Females more willing to volunteer for studies involving muscle biopsies and other minor procedures
  • Females more likely to follow training programmes and attend all appointments
55
Q

Male v Female performance

A

Women not as weak as men once assumed and are quite often able to physically perform at a superior level

56
Q

Women and endurance

A
  • Females better suited to ultra-endurance sports then men
  • Field-study found that women out-performed men at the 90km distance
  • Whereas men were found to out perform females up to 42km, with increasing performance advantage for females above 66km
  • Women can adapt more and change where they get their energy from

Introduction to the science of sport, exercise and health (24 decks)

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