Anatomy Flashcards
disciplines of anatomy
- Macroscopic (gross) - arms and legs etc.
- Regional
- Systemic e.g. neuroanatomy
- Microscopic - Cytology (cells), Histology (tissues)
- Developmental anatomy & embryology
Levels of structural organization
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
What does function always reflect
structure
What does structure always reflect
function
How are muscle proteins arranged
in an organised structure, as it allows us to gain strength
what does a structures specific form affect
What a structure can do
Into what sections does the body get divided when studying the whole body
- Upper extremities (arms)
- Back
- Head and neck
- Thorax (chest)
- Abdomen
- Pelvis and perineum
- Lower extremity (legs)
keyhole surgery v traditional surgery
- less infection risk
- fewer staff requires
- Reduces discomfort
What is situs inversus
When major organs are reversed/mirror the usual position
What was William Harvey’s demonstration of circulation
This was when somebody held onto a pole and bulges formed in their veins
What William Harvey’s demonstration of circulation show
It showed and helped people understand that the heart only pumps blood in one direction - this was shown through bulges forming due to one-way valves
What is pathology
Most everyday version of anatomy
What can you use pathology for
- Checking if cells are normal or abnormal
- Tumours
- Identifying stages of disease e.g. smear test
- Monitor disease progress
- Confirm disease before death
- Check cause of death
Apes v humans
- many similar anatomical features
- Difference in muscles positions and size and structure of inner ear - balance
Why do athletes monitor/measure their technique
- The way athletes move and act - i.e. their technique can affect everything in their performance as well as everyday life.
- Could cause injury if technique not quite correct
Why assess training
- Allows athlete and coaches to see if thing are being done in a flawed or unflawed way for their personal anatomy i.e. jumping or serving
- Might be doing things in an inefficient way which means they are using more energy than required or could lead to injury which also negatively affects performance
Why use gait analysis
- For a lot of people the way they move can cause injuries in their everyday life
- It allows you to understand the way they move, how much force they generate or identify problems with posture etc.
- Can be used by NHS to study why people arent adapting to their implants etc
Gait analysis & biomechanics
- Disability
- Poor posture can have effects on health - backpain, headaches etc.
- Allows some individuals to become more active despite some limitations
- Can use info to adjust implants and similar things to improve quality of life
Brain shape
- The size of the brain doesn’t equate to intelligence
- We have a large amount of folds, meaning we have more neurons, which means we can have a higher level of intelligence
Fold of intestine and villi/microvilli
- Looks like fingers and cover the lining of the intestine
- Increase absorption
Skeletal muscle
- Have striations (stripes)
- Other muscle i.e. smooth muscle looks different
- Bundles in very fine and repeating patterns
Bone matrix
- Hard and soft components confer different characteristics
- Large amounts of water and a jelly like fluid
What does the jelly like fluid in bones result in
Bone will bend a little bit before breaking - making it harder to break
What is the circle of willis and what does it do
It is a circle of blood vessels in the brain
- creates a bypass to some vessels meaning that it is hard for a major part of the brain to die due to not having a blood supply
How do anatomists know what might happen if someone has a stroke or a bleed in the brain
As they have mapped out the brain so they know which areas control certain body functions and they know where certain blood vessels go in the brain
What does many folds in the brain allow
It means that many nerve cells can be packed into relatively small space
What do striations give an indication of
Gives indication that these cells are very strong & can generate lots of force when contracted
Bone
- Structure
- Has hollow hard component made of calcium, but also has flexible jelly-like marrow
- Also contains lots of space for blood to get into
Intestine absorption rate
Able to absorb lots of nutrients quickly due to lots of folds, creating a large surface area for things to be absorbed through
What can archaeology & art help with
Used to help solve crimes - skeletons can provide lot of info
- Damage to skeleton may indicate injury type
Vitruvian man
- Drawing by Leonardo da vinci
- Made to study proportions of the body
- Used Golden ration
What is the Golden Ration
A formula that supposedly tells us when something is in proportion
Why do we study anatomy & physiology together
- Structures & functions intertwined
- Structure of body part allows certain functions
Ex. bones of skull tightly joined to form rigid case - protects brain
Cells
- Smallest unit of all living things
- Different shapes & sizes based on their function
Levels of organization (2)
- Atoms
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems (11)
What are blood vessel walls & surrounding smooth muscle cells lined with
Endothelial cells
What do endothelial cells do?
Allows smooth blood flow by creating nonthrombotic surface
What do white blood cells do
Defend the body against microbial invasion by reacting with blood vessel cells
What do platelets do
Plug leaks in the blood vessels
Epithelial
Covering
Nervous
Control
Connective
Support
Muscle
Movement
organ
- definition
Structure made up of more than one tissue type that performs a specific function in the body
organ systems
- Group of organs working together to function properly
- 11 organ systems
- Although separate systems they work together in real life
which system has a protective function
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
-function
Body protection & motion
Muscular system
- Function
Contraction, responsible for nearly all body movement
Nervous system
- Function
Control & communication
Endocrine system
- Function
Coordinates & steers cellular activity
Cardiovascular system
- Function
Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste & hormones
Lymphatic system
- Function
Fluid transport, body defence & disease resistance
Respiratory system
- function
Supply oxygen & remove CO2
Digestive system
- Function
converts food into the raw materials that build and fuel the body
Digestive system
- Process
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Excrete wastes
Urinary system
- Function
filter fluids, excrete wastes
Reproductive system
- Function
Produce offspring
What are considered necessary life functions
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
