Respiration Flashcards
mechanics of respiration
Respiratory Centres
Medulla Oblongata:
•
•Medullary Rhythmicity Centre
•
Pons Varolli:
•
- Pneumotaxic Centre
- Apneustic Centre
Fill in the Gaps……
Structurally, the ___________ __________ is split into _____ halves. The ________ and _______ respiratory tract. The upper consists of everything above the ________ __________. The lower respiratory tract is everything below the ___________ cartilage
Fill in the Gaps…… Structurally, the respiratory System is split into Two halves. The Upper and Lower respiratory tract. The upper consists of everything above the cricoid cartilage The lower respiratory tract is everything below the Cricoid cartilage
List the seven structures the respiratory system is made up of:-
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
The nose is mostly constructed of what?
Cartilage
Fill in the gaps…… The mouth ( or _______ __________ ) starts at the lips and is
continuous with the _____________ posteriorly. The roof of the mouth is made
up of the ______ and _______ __________, with the floor made up of mostly _____
________ including the ________. The tongue is a muscular, non-compressible
tissue that attaches to the ___________, ___________ process and ________ bone
Fill in the gaps…… The mouth ( or Oral Cavity ) starts at the lips and is
continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly. The roof of the mouth is made
up of the Hard and soft palate with the floor made up of mostly soft
Tissue including the Tongue, The tongue is a muscular, non-compressible
tissue that attaches to the Mandible stylohyoid process and hyoid bone.
What three structures combine to make the Pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Briefly describe the anatomy of the Nasopharynx and explain its physiology within the respiratory system
The nasopharynx is located at the back of the nasal cavity
Mostly skeleton muscle on either side
Soft Palate rises to ensure food doesn’t rise up inyo nasal cavity
Tonsils
Label the diagram,
Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the larynx…..
The larynx is suspended from the ________ _______ above and
the ________ below, by a series of ___________ and ____________. During
____________ it moves upwards and forwards causing the __________ to swing
downwards, effectively closing the laryngeal inlet while at the same time opening
the ____________.
Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the larynx…..
The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone above and
the trachea below, by a series of membranes and ligaments. During
Swallowing it moves upwards and forwards causing the epiglottis to swing
downwards, effectively closing the laryngeal inlet while at the same time opening
the oesophagus
In an adult the trachea is approximately how long?
12-15cm long 2.5cm wide
Which bronchus is more vertical, wider and shorter?
Right
lable
Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the lungs…..
The lungs are a pair of spongy, ________ __________ _________
located in the ___________ cavity. They are separated by the _______________.
The lungs are covered by _________, which consists of two layers: the ___________
pleura which covers the wall of the __________ cavity and the __________ pleura
which covers the lungs. In between is the _________ cavity a __________ space
Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the lungs…..
The lungs are a pair of spongy, cone shaped organs
located in the thoracic cavity. They are separated by the Mediastinum
The lungs are covered by Pleura which consists of two layers: the parietal
pleura which covers the wall of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura
which covers the lungs. In between is the Plural cavity a potential space
filled with a Fluid to prevent Friction and allow them
Slide over each other during breathing
What is the Mediastinum and what does it contain?
Heart
Why is the left lung smaller and has only two lobes?
Heart sits over to the left
Lable
The lungs are divided by deep grooves known as?
Fissures
Fill in the gaps……… Each lobe of the lung has its own ______________ branch
(bronchus), branching from the right and left bronchi. These divide into __________
bronchi, each supplying a segment of lung ( __________________ segment). Within
these are smaller components called ___________, within which are ___ - ____
respiratory units where __________ ___________ occurs. ________________ units
emerge from the __________ ___________ and consist of several respiratory
bronchioles, these subdivide into alveolar ducts and finally _______.
Fill in the gaps……… Each lobe of the lung has its own Bronchus branch
(bronchus), branching from the right and left bronchi. These divide into two
bronchi, each supplying a segment of lung broncus segment). Within
these are smaller components called lobule, within which are __3_ - _5___
respiratory units where gas exchange occurs. ________________ units
emerge from the terminal bronchioles and consist of several respiratory
bronchioles, these subdivide into alveolar ducts and finally Alveoli
There are around ______-______ million alveoli in each lung.
140-150 Million
Special sensory neurons called chemoreceptors are located where?
Medulla oblong
Temperature of air is increased as it passes through the nose during breathing, what
else is increased?
Humidity
Complete the table/ put the components in the order inhaled air would pass, starting with the larynx:
Larynx
Trachea
carina
left and right primary bronchus
secondary broncus
Tertiary
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Briefly describe the functions of the:
a) conducting portion and
b) respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
The conducting airways, which serve to conduct, clean, warm, and moisten the air. This portion is composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
The respiratory airways, which facilitate gas exchange. These are located entirely within the lung and are represented by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
List the four functions of the Respiratory system:
Extract oxygen O2 from air transfer to blood
Excrete water and CO2
Maintain acid base
Ventilate lungs
List and briefly describe the three steps of respiration:
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Air moves from areas of _________ pressure to areas of _______ pressure.
Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of Low pressure.
During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases
volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for ______ % of air entering the lungs.
During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases
volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for 75 % of air entering the lungs
During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases
volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for 75 % of air entering the lungs.
Q8 The remaining 25% of air entering the lungs is a result of?
The remaining 25% of air entering the lungs is a result of?
External intercostal control
Q9 During normal quiet respiration breathing out ( exhalation ) is a __________ process.
During normal quiet respiration breathing out (exhalation) is a passive process
Inhaled atmospheric air is made up of: - complete the table
Oxygen (O₂)
20%
nitrogen
79%
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
0.04%
Inert
0.006%
What are the two key characteristics of diffusion?
occurs from High to low
diffusion both areas the same
Respiration is controlled by the nervous system in two ways, voluntary and
Autonomic, briefly describe each:
Voluntary control
Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
Autonomic control
Pons varolii
Medulla oblong, basic breathing phrenic and intercostal nerves
Fill in the gaps…. The respiratory centres containing the _____________ and
_______________ neurons are influenced by __________ input from _________
around the _________. ___________ ____________ prevent the lungs from being
_______________ and others are linked to receptors that can detect ___________,
Stimulating the respiratory centres to __________ ventilation during exercise.
Fill in the gaps…. The respiratory centres containing the inspiratory and
Expiratory neurons are influenced by sensory input from nerves
around the body stretch receptors prevent the lungs from being
overinflated and others are linked to receptors that can detect movement
Stimulating the respiratory centres to increase ventilation during exercise.
Breathing is also regulated by partial pressure of what elements within the blood?
Oxygen Pao2
Carbon dioxide PaCO2
Hydrogen ion pH
Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to ________ not _______, and are responsible
for _______% of the drive to breath.
Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to PaCo2 not Pao2 and are responsible
for 80% of the drive to breath
Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to what five elements?
PaO2
PaCo2
PH
Blood flow
Temperature
Fill in the gaps… When PaCO₂ levels begin to rise ventilation is _________ ________
to expire more ________ conversely if PaCO₂ levels fall ventilation _________
allowing PaCO₂ levels to increase.
Fill in the gaps… When PaCO₂ levels begin to rise ventilation is Rapidly increase
to expire more Co2 conversely if PaCO₂ levels fall ventilation slow
allowing PaCO₂ levels to increase
Label
Upper airway
label
Lungs
Label
Inspiratory
expiratory
muscles
Label
Heart
Label
Tunica
heart electric
ecg
Trachea
- 2.5cm in diameter / 10-12cm in length
- Bifurcates at the level of T5 (Carina)
- Consists of 16 - 20 “C” shaped cartilage rings
- Lined with ciliated mucous membrane (Epithelial Tissue)
Trachea divides at carina into left and right bronchi
Right bronchus is 2.5cm long
Left bronchus 4-5cm long
Bronchi divide into secondary (lobar) bronchioles
Each bronchi terminates in an air sac (alveoli)
Lobes of the lung
A lobule is a bag of connective tissue which contains an arteriole, a venule, a lymphatic vessel and a terminal bronchiole
Hilum
Alveoli
Mechanics of Respiration
External RespirationExternal Respiration
•Breathe in - air containing oxygen enters the lungs
•
•Oxygen diffuses across the Alveoli and capillary walls and enters the blood
•
•Carbon dioxide diffuses across the capillary and alveoli walls and enters the Alveoli
•
•Breathe out - carbon dioxide is eliminated from the lungs
Internal Respirati
- Oxygen attached to haemoglobin in the red blood cells is transported to the tissues
- Oxygen leaves the blood to enter cells
- Carbon dioxide leaves cells to enter blood
- Carbon dioxide attached to haemoglobin in the red blood cells is transported to the lungs
How is breathing controlled
- Part voluntary – but mainly involuntary
- Voluntary control i.e speaking
- Involuntary control - respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata (brain stem)
- Chemoreceptors – sensitive to changing levels of CO2 & O2
Phases of RespirationPhases of Respiration
nInhale
Muscles contract, move rib cage up and outwards, lungs fill space, Diaphragm flattens, alveoli open up, air drawn in through wind pipe
nExhale
nPassive action, muscles relax, Chest return to its resting position, diaphragm rises into resting dome shape, air forced out
nPause
nThere is always some air in lungs so that oxygen constantly available to the blood
Quiet & Forced
Quiet
- 70% by Diaphragm
- Little rib cage movement
Forced
- Running, shouting or during breathing difficulty
- Accessory muscles
- Chest & Neck muscles for inhalation
- Abdominal muscles for exhalation
Respiratory Centres
Medulla Oblongata:
•
•Medullary Rhythmicity Centre
•
Pons Varolli:
•
•Pneumotaxic Centre
Apneustic Centre
Medullary Rhythmicity Centre
- Located in the Medulla Oblongata
- Function is to control the basic rhythm of respiration:
Inspiratory area is:
Active 2 seconds
Inactive 3 seconds
- Expiratory area
- Inactive during normal quiet respirations
Active during high levels of ventilation
Chemoreceptors
Central Chemoreceptors
- Located on the surface of the Medulla Oblongata
- Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
- Sensitive to pH & CO2
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- Located in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies
- Sensitive to pH, CO2 and O2 in blood
Central & Peripheral Chemoreceptors functions
- Despite the fact that O2 consumption and CO2 production vary during the day the PO2 and PCO2 are held fairly constant
- Breathing is regulated by reflexes that respond to CO2, O2, pH of blood
- When PCO2 increases there is a compensatory rise in respirations
- Conversely when PCO2 falls respirations fall
•
•Increased pH also stimulates respirations
BloodBlood pH pH
- A pH of 7 is classed as Neutral
- Normal pH of blood is 7.4 (Slightly Alkaline)
- Increased CO2 within the blood increases acidity and reduces the pH level (Acidosis)
Other Factors
Hering-Breuer - stretch receptors in the lung tissue
Baroreceptors - mainly concerned with circulation but can affect respiration. A sudden rise in BP decreases rate of respiration and vice-versa
Temperature - fever or exercise increases respiration due to increased metabolic rate but with hypothermia metabolism is depressed, as is respirations
Higher Centres
of the Brain – can modify respiration for speech, singing, crying, laughing and sleep
Hypoxic Drive
•Healthy person’s stimulation to breathe – Increase in CO2
•
•COPD patient stimulation to breathe – Reduction in O2 (Hypoxia)
•
- Patient is used to high levels of CO2
•
•Too much O2 could theoretically stop breathing
Common Words
Dyspnoea –.
- Apnoea –
- Hypoxia –
- Hypoxemia – .
- Hypercarbia –
- Diffusion –
- Dyspnoea – Difficulty in Breathing.
- Apnoea – Without breathing.
- Hypoxia – Lack of Oxygen.
- Hypoxemia – Lack of Oxygen in the blood.
- Hypercarbia – Excess CO2 in the blood.
- Diffusion – Passage of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
