Questions Flashcards
There are five different groups of tissues True or false
True
Glands with ducts secrete hormones True false
False
There are three types of muscle tissue True or false
True
The word distal means what ——– point of origin
Further from
Which is the odd one out Right hypochondria Umbilical Left lumbar Right clavicle
Right clavicle
Several organs joined by tracts and vessels are called systems True or false
True
Odd one out Nucleus Plasma membrane Epithelial membrane Protoplasm
Epithelial
Glands without ducts secrete
Hormones
The skin has five layers True false
False
The skeletal system has 206 bones True or false
True
The respiratory systems helps regulate acid base True false
True
Lateral means towards the midline of the body True false
False
The abdominal cavity houses lungs True false
False
The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the
Diaphragm
Physiology refers to
The way in which an organ functions
What might you describe as hereditary factors Pick one Organs Genes Membrane Plasma
Genes
The nucleus carries the hereditary factors of the cell called genes True or false
True
The larynx is also shared by the digestive tract True or false
False
The trachea is lined with ciliates mucous membrane True false
True
The left lung has three lobes True false
False
Bronchioles terminate in the alveoli True or false
False
The trachea has 16-20 c shaped rings True false
True
Pulmonary embolism is what
Blood clot in the lung
Pneumothorax is what in where
Air in the pleural cavity
In hypoxic drive the chemoreceptors register what
Decreasing oxygen levels
Breathing rate for adult
16-20
Breathing rate for infant
32-40
Atmosphere contains how much oxygen and carbon dioxide
0.04% carbon dioxide 20% oxygen
The pleura is a serous membrane Yes or no
Yes
The epiglottis is leaf shaped flap of cartilage Yes or no
Yes
Internal respiration takes place in the lungs Yes or no
No
Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion Yes or no
Yes
Tidal volume in the average adult is 600mls Yes or no
No
During expiration what happens to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Relax
Asthma is described as spasm of the bronchial
Smooth muscle
Bronchitic sputum is best described 3 things
Greenish Thick Yellow
Vital lung capacity is the sum of 3 things what are they
Expiratory reserve Inspiratory reserve Tidal volume
The respiratory system is not responsible for which of the following Expelling carbon dioxide Protect from infection Acid base balance Taking oxygen in to the body
Protection from infection
external respiration takes place where
lungs
Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body.
Yes/ No
yes
Bipolar neurones are usually sensory in function.
Yes/ No
yes
Multipolar neurones are usually afferent.
Yes/ No
No
Neurotransmitters are responsible for passing on impulses from one neurone to another.
Yes /No
yes
The cerebrum is divided into three hemispheres.
Yes/ No
no
Which is the odd one out?
Petit mal
Status epilepticus
Gene mal
Grand mal
gene mai
Which of these statements are correct? (tick three)
CSF…
- maintains uniform pressure around nerve tissue
- supplies nerve tissue with nutrients
- protects nerve tissue against trauma
- acts as a neurotransmitter
- maintains uniform pressure around nerve tissue
- supplies nerve tissue with nutrients
- protects nerve tissue against trauma
Which of these statements are true about neuroglia? (tick three)
They are…
- formed from Schwann cells
- responsible for myelin sheath production
- responsible for protecting nerve cells
- responsible for shaping nerve cells
- formed from Schwann cells
- responsible for myelin sheath production
- responsible for protecting nerve cells
- responsible for shaping nerve cells Not correct
The hypothalamus is NOT responsible for which of the following?
- control of voluntary skeletal muscle
- rage and aggression
- regulation of body temperature
- regulation of hunger
control of voluntary skeletal muscle
Which three of these substances “go together”?
- acetylcholine
- noradrenaline
- serotonin
- ventolin
- acetylcholine
- noradrenaline
- serotonin
A cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes.
True False
true
There are 72 pairs of spinal nerves.
True / False
false
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 Sacral
1 coccyx
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
True / False
true
CSF is produced in the choroid plexus.
True False
true
The parasympathetic system is responsible for creating the conditions associated with sleep.
True / False
true
csf fills what space
subarachnoid
The midbrain does what?
A) Acts as a relay station between different parts of the brain.
B) Contains the respiratory rhythmicity centre.
C) Regulates bodily water intake and thirst.
D) Registers the sense of smell, taste and hearing.
A B C D
A
The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by the .
VERMIS
Multipolar neurones are found mainly within…
- the brain and spinal cord
- the ganglia of cranial nerves
- the olfactory region
- the retina of the eye
the brain and spinal cord
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following
- cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
Plasma (cell) membrane is an extremely thin membrane that surrounds the cell components.
The Nucleus is the largest structure within the cell and carries the hereditary factors of the cell - the genes.
Cytoplasm/protoplasm is the fluid that makes up the bulk of the cell. It contains proteins and carbohydrates and is responsible for the metabolism of the cell
List the contents of the abdominal cavity
Pancreas
Liver
Bile ducts
kidneys, adrenal glands
stomach
small & large intestines
ureters
gall blader
spleen
lymph nodes
major blood and lymph vessels
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
- cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
Organs of similar function joined together by tracts an vessels eg respiratory circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, muscular
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
- cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
Two or more types of tissue joined together recognisable shape specific function
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
- cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
5 tissues what they do
briefly describe the following underlined
The nervous system
The Cardiovascular system
The respiratory system
transmission of messages coordination of activities specialised tissue brain, spinal cord periperal nerves
briefly describe the following underlined
- The nervous system
- The Cardiovascular system
- The respiratory system
heart, blood, vessels, linked to respiratory and digestive system, carriage of respiratory gases, nutrients, glands secretions, distribution of heat, protection from infection, wound protection
briefly describe the following underlined
The nervous system
The Cardiovascular system
The respiratory system
oxygen into body, carbon dioxide out the of the body linked to cvs maintains acid base balance of th blood
short Essays
briefly describe the Larynx
The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx and goes on to become the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.
It houses the vocal cords and protects them by means of a cartilage on the anterior surface known as the Adam’s apple or the thyroid cartilage.
A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage (the epiglottis) protects the opening of the larynx, by forming a seal over the superior aspect of the larynx during the act of swallowing - to prevent food from entering the airway.
short Essay on internal and external respiration
external respiration
gas exchange diffusion in alveoli
pressure higher to lower
c02 into alveoli 02 into system
internal respiration
takes place in tissues
02 into tissues c02 out
blood return via venous system
describe the respiratory centre and how its stimulated
responsible for Rate, Depth, and volume of respiration
location medulla oblongata
stimulated by
nervous -normal breathing pattern
higher centres- talking swallowing coughing
chemical - chemoreceptors, acid base balance, found medulla oblongata, walls og major vessels aorta carotid bodies
7.4ph
to much C02 acid level rise, resps rise cause increased o2 intake
Describe Asthma
Asthma
Bronchial asthma is described as “a reversible obstruction of the airway due to spasm of the smooth muscle of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles”. The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract can also become irritated causing the production of thick mucous that plugs the smaller air passages and makes the attack worse.
The patient will have great difficulty exhaling and will have an anxious appearance.
Bronchial asthma can be psychosomatic (mental or emotional causes, like stress) but normally there are two varieties:
Extrinsic asthma
Usually occurs in young children or young adults and is caused by allergies to edible or airborne substances.
Intrinsic asthma
Caused in later life, usually over the age of 45, by infections or emotions.
Signs and symptoms include:
Severe dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Wheezing
Coughing
Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)
Using accessory muscles of respiration
Chest movement appears to be on inspiratory phase - but patient experiences most difficulty when exhaling, hence the wheeze
Describe bronchitis
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is caused by an irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tree. Thick greenish-yellow sputum is created which signifies the presence of an infection.
Smoking is still the most common cause but other factors like a family history of respiratory disease and air pollution can also contribute.
Signs and symptoms include:
Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate)
Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Productive cough
Cyanosis (blue appearance of the skin
Describe Emphysema
Normal lung tissue is elastic and compliant. Emphysema reduces this compliance and thickens the alveoli walls. Several alveoli may join together to form one large air sac - reducing the total surface area through which the exchange of gases can take place. The loss of the elasticity of the lung tissue causes them to become permanently inflated producing a “barrel chest” effect.
Expiration is usually a passive action but emphysemic patients have to force exhalation causing extreme distress. The patient will normally look pink because although normal amounts of oxygen are entering the body, the exhalation of carbon dioxide is a problem.
The major cause of emphysema is smoking. Evidence suggests that this causes an imbalance between the enzymes and proteins that normally protect the alveoli tissues.
Signs and symptoms:
Varying degrees of dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Coughing
Wheezing
Barrel chest
Anxious facial expression
Pursing of the lips on expiration
Weight loss
Usually pink in colour
Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down
Short Essay
Describe neuroglia or glial cells and functions
Neuroglia has two specific properties:
Irritability ability to generate impulses as a result of stimuli from inside or outside the body
Conductivity ability to transport the impulses from one part of the body to another
describe meninges
three layers that covered brain spinal cord
Dura mater
This is the tough fibrous outermost layer.
It lines the bones of the cranium and the canal formed by the vertebrae. It also lines the space between the two cerebral hemispheres. A fold of dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
The main veins inside the cranium lie in the dura mater
Arachnoid mater
This is a delicate membrane separated from the dura mater by the subdural space in which there is a thin film of serous fluid.
It encloses the subarachnoid space, which is criss-crossed by a fine network of connective tissue and which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the larger blood vessels of the brain.
Pia mater
This is a very delicate inner membrane that closely covers the brain and spinal cord and supports a network of fine blood vessels, including those of the choroid plexuses that roof the ventricles.
The pia mater follows every convolution of the surface of the nervous tissue and sheaths the roots of the cranial and spinal nerves
Describe mental illness
Absolutely anyone can suffer from mental illness at any time, and approximately 25% of us will experience some kind of mental illness. This can range from mild anxiety to a state of being when a person loses the capacity to think in a rational manner.
what is Neuroses?
Neuroses
Eg anxiety, depression, obsessions and phobias.
People who suffer from neuroses usually know that they have the problem and continue to live relatively normal lives.
what is Psychoses?
Psychoses
Eg schizophrenia and manic depression.
Patients who suffer from psychotic disorders often have their lives totally disrupted by their illness.
It is not unusual for the patient to lose complete contact with reality, resulting in abnormal behaviour that can be extremely distressing for the patient’s relatives.
The patient will often experience both audible and visual hallucinations and appear to be living in a world of their own.
There are lots of different types of treatment available, ranging from
There are lots of different types of treatment available, ranging from drug therapy of varying strength and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), to psychotherapy counselling or behavioural modification therapy.
The skeletal system comprises 206 different bones.
True\ False
True
Periosteum is a dense white fibrous covering around the surface of the bone.
True / False
True
The transformation of embryonic tissues into bone is called ossification.
True / False
True
Bone is 30-40% water.
True/ False
False
Red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells.
True /False
true
Three of these bones belong in a group together - which three?
Humerus
Radius
Tibia
Ulna
_Herusum**
**Radius_
Tibia
Ulna