Respiration Flashcards
What is: RESPIRATION?
A biological process in which the chemical energy stored in food is released for use in cells.
What is the source of energy for living cells?
Glucose.
What are the two types of respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic.
What type of respiration requires oxygen?
Aerobic respiration.
What type of respiration releases a greater amount of energy?
Aerobic respiration.
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Inside mitochondria.
What is the summary equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water
What is: A biological process in which the chemical energy stored in food is released for use in cells?
Respiration.
Aerobic and anaerobic are…?
The two types of respiration.
What kind of respiration takes place inside mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration.
What is this the summary equation for:
Glucose + Oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water?
Aerobic respiration.
What is: ATP?
A high energy molecule (adenosine tri-phosphate)
When is ATP formed?
When adenosine di-phosphate (ADF) chemically joins with an inorganic phosphate (Pi)
What releases energy for cellular reactions?
Breaking the bond between ADP and the terminal inorganic phosphate.
What is ATP broken down to?
ADP + Pi (and regenerated to ATP in a cyclic reaction)
ADP + Pi ——> ?
ATP
ATP —–> ?
ADP + Pi
What happens to the amount of ATP a cell has?
It more or less stays the same.
What is formed: When adenosine di-phosphate (ADF) chemically joins with an inorganic phosphate (Pi)?
ATP
What does: Breaking the bond between ADP and the terminal inorganic phosphate do?
Released energy for cellular reactions.
Name 4 cellular reactions ATP is need for?
Protein synthesis.
Muscle contraction.
Cell divison.
Transmission of nerve impulses.
In respiration, what is required to release energy?
Glucose.
What is the energy used for?
To make ATP.
What is used to power another process in the cell?
ATP.
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis.
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm of the cell whether oxygen is present or not.
What happens in glycolysis?
Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
What is: GLYCOLYSIS?
The first stage of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
When do: Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules?
Glycolysis.
What is the second stage of respiration if oxygen is present? (aerobic)
Kreb’s cycle.
If oxygen is present during respiration what happens to the pyruvate molecules?
The pyruvate molecules go to the central matrix of the mitochondria and Kreb’s cycle takes place.
What is kreb’s cycle controlled by?
Enzymes.
In kreb’s cycle, what is given off as a waste product and breathed out?
Carbon dioxide.
In kreb’s cycle, what is removed and carried by high energy energy transfer molecules?
Hydrogen.
What is used to produce ATP in kreb’s cycle?
Hydrogen.
In kreb’s cycle, what combines with oxygen to form water which is breathed out?
Hydrogen.
In kreb’s cycle, hydrogen combines with what to form water which is breathed out?
Oxygen.
Where does kreb’s cycle take place during respiration?
Mitochondria.
What is: KREB’S CYCLE?
The second stage of aerobic respiration that can only take place if oxygen is present.
In kreb’s cycle what happens to: CARBON DIOXIDE?
It is given off as a waste product and breathed out.
In kreb’s cycle what happens to: HYDROGEN?
It is removed and carried by high energy transfer molecules.
It is used to produce ATP.
It combines with oxygen to form water which is breathed out.
What stage of aerobic respiration takes place is mitochondria?
The second stage. Kreb’s cycle.
In total, how much ATP does aerobic respiration produce from 1 glucose molecule?
38 ATP are produced from aerobic respiration.
Where does aerobic respiration start and get completed?
Aerobic respiration starts in the cyoplasm of the cell and is completed in the mitochondria.
The more active a cell is..?
The more mitochondria it will have in order to provide the energy it needs.
Where does the oxygen for aerobic respiration come from?
The oxygen is breathed in, then transported round the body inside red blood cells, where it is bound to a special protein called haemoglobin.
In anaerobic respiration why can’t kreb’s cycle take place?
The pyruvate cannot enter the kreb’s cycle and must enter a different pathway.
Where does the second stage of anaerobic take place? (it’s the same for plants and animals)
In the cytoplasm of the cell
In the second stage of anaerobic respiration, how much energy is released?
There is no further release of energy by that pathway.
In total, how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce from 1 glucose molecule?
2 ATP is the energy released (by glycolysis)
38 ATP are produced from what type of respiration from 1 glucose molecule?
Aerobic respiration.
2 ATP are produced from what type of respiration from 1 glucose molecule?
Anaerobic respiration.
In anaerobic respiration, what is the pyruvate converted to?
Lactic acid.
What is the equation for the fermentation pathway in animals?
Glucose ——-> Lactic acid
When lactic acids build up in the cells, what does it cause?
It causes fatigue and cramp.
What is the build up of lactic acid referred to?
An oxygen debt.
Is stage 2 of anaerobic respiration, in animals reversible or irreversible?
It is reversible.
What is repaying the oxygen debt?
After anaerobic respiration, when oxygen becomes available, this lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvate and then enter kreb’s cycle.
In plants during anaerobic respiration, what is pyruvate converted into?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is the equation for the fermentation pathway in plants?
Glucose ——-> Carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Is stage 2 of anaerobic respiration, in plants reversible or irreversible?
Irreversible.
What is this the equation for: Glucose ——-> Lactic acid?
The fermentation pathway in animals.
What build up in cell, causing fatigue and cramp?
Lactic acids
What is this the equation for: Glucose ——-> Carbon dioxide and ethanol.
The fermentation pathway in plants.
