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4th year Biology > Cells, Tissues And Organs > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues And Organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a multicellular organism?

A

Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells which are specialised

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2
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells that perform specific functions in the organism

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3
Q

What are unicellular organisms?

A

Organisms made up of one cell only

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4
Q

What must the cell in the unicellular organisms do?

A

Carry out all of the functions to keep the organism alive

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5
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen

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6
Q

What is the specialisation of a red blood cell?

A
  • Bi-concave shape to fit through tiny blood capillaries
  • large surface area for oxygen transport
  • Haemoglobin which binds with oxygen
  • no nucleus to maximise the amount of pigment
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7
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

To carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body

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8
Q

What is the specialisation of a nerve cell?

A

•long
•long projections to make connectors which other cells
•carries electrical signals
Transmits impulses which helps us co-ordinate thoughts and movement

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9
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

To provide nourishment for the embryo before implantation in the womb

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10
Q

What is the specialisation of the egg cell?

A
  • large

* cytoplasm contains nutrients and energy rich yolk to nourish embryo before implantation

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11
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To reach and fertilise the female egg

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12
Q

What is the specialisation of a sperm cell?

A
  • long tail for swimming

* head contains enzymes and nucleus to penetrate egg

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13
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract and cause movement

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14
Q

What is the specialisation of a muscle cell?

A
  • long and thin to help with movement

* large number of mitochondria to produce the energy required for contraction

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15
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water and minerals for the soil for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the specialisation of a root hair cell?

A
  • large surface area for absorption

* thin cell wall for minerals to pass through

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17
Q

What is the function of a phloem tissue?

A

To transport sugar around a plant

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18
Q

What is the specialisation of a phloem tissue?

A
  • end walls have holes to allow sugar to be transported to next cell
  • companion cell with larger nucleus to control cell
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19
Q

What is the function of the xylem vessel?

A

To support + water transport up plant

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20
Q

Cell-Tissue-?-?-?

A

CELL-TISSUE-ORGAN-ORGAN SYSTEMS-ORGANISM

21
Q

What is the specialisation of a Xylem vessel?

A
  • Hollow tube
  • Wall strengthen by lignin
  • lignin deposited as rings or spirals allowing expansion and contraction
22
Q

What is the function of a leaf cell?

A

To carry out photosynthesis

23
Q

What is the specialisation of a leaf cell?

A

They contain a very large number of chloroplasts to maximise photosynthesis

24
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell?

A

To fight infections in the body

25
Q

What is the specialisation of a white blood cell?

A
  • irregular shape to squeeze through blood vessels

* contains enzymes which digest the microbe into harmless waste substances

26
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialised cells working together to do a particular job (eg. Muscle)

27
Q

What is an organ?

A

Groups of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function (eg. Heart, eyes, lungs)

28
Q

What is a system?

A

Groups of different organs all working together to carry out a particular function (eg. Digestive system)

29
Q

Specialised cell-?-?-?-?

A

Specialised cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

30
Q

Cardiac muscle cell-?-?-?

A

Cardiac muscle cell-cardiac muscle tissue-heart-circulatory system

31
Q

Root hair cell-?-?-?-?

A

Root hair cell- root epidermis- roots- transport system

32
Q

Stem cells are being used for what?

A

After cancer treatment to restore destroyed stem cells

33
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult / tissue stem cells

34
Q

Embryonic stem cells are?

A

Stem cells found in developing embroys

35
Q

Embryonic stem cells can develop into?

A

All of the specialised cell types found in the organism

36
Q

Adult / tissue stem cells are?

A

Found in adult tissue

37
Q

Adult / tissue stem cells can develop into what?

A

A bare over range of cell types than embryonic stem cells

38
Q

Stem cells are involved in what?

A

Growth and repair

39
Q

What type of stem cell are there ethical issues about and why?

A

Embryonic because many people disagree with them using stem cells taken from embryos

40
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells which can develop into any specialised cell type or divide to produce more stem cells (self renew)

41
Q

What are meristems?

A

The growing points of a plant

42
Q

Meristems are the site of production of what type of cell?

A

Non-specialised

43
Q

Meristems are the only sites of what in plants?

A

Mitosis

44
Q

apical meristems=?

A

Tip of root/stem

45
Q

Lateral meristems=?

A

Side growth (in the stems)

46
Q

Name examples of animal tissues

A

Muscle and nerve

47
Q

Examples of plant tissues

A

Xylem, phloem, root epidermis

48
Q

Examples of organs in animals

A

Brain, heart, lungs, stomach, skin

49
Q

Examples of Plant organs

A

Stem, root, leaf and flower

4th year Biology (21 decks)

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