respiration 3

Question 1

what are the 2 types of ling disease?

Answer 1

obstructive

restrictive

Question 2

what is obstructive lung disease?

Answer 2

where there is reduction in flow through airways
(e.g.asthma)
(increased resistance)

Question 3

what is restrictive lung disease?

Answer 3

reduction in lung expansion

e.g. fibrosis, asbestosis

Question 4

what do obstructive and restrictive lung disease both do?

Answer 4

reduce ventilation

Question 5

in obstructive lung disease what can cause airway narrowing?

Answer 5

excess secretions
inflammatory response (histamine)
bronchoconstriction (e.g. asthma)

Question 6

what happens to FEV1 and FVC in OLD?

Answer 6

FVC is usually unaltered
FEV1 decreases
(initial flow and peak flow similar)

Question 7

how does flow-volume loop change in OLD?

Answer 7

initial and peak flow rate are similar but there is a sharp fall in flow rate after peak CONCAVE SHAPE to curve

Question 8

give some examples of OLD

Answer 8

asthma, chronic bronchitis(persistant cough+++musous secretion), emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 9

what factors can trigger asthma?

Answer 9

ATOPIC(extrinsic) - allergies

NON-ATOPIC(instrinsic) - stress, cold air, infection, excercise

Question 10

what is asthma response?

Answer 10

movement of inflammatory cells to airways , release of inflammatory mediators (histamine), this causes bronchoconstriction

Question 11

what can treat asthma?

Answer 11

salbutamol (short acting B2 agonist)(acts like adrenaline)
- cause dilation
inhaled steroids (glucoticoids) (long acting B2 agonsit)
- can reduce inflammatory response

Question 12

what can reduction in chest expansion be caused by?

in RLD

Answer 12

chest wall abnormalities, muscle contraction deficiency

Question 13

what can cause loss in compliance?

Answer 13

aging, increase in collagen, exposure to environmental factors

Question 14

what happens to FVC and FEV1 in restrictive lung disease?

Answer 14

FVC decreases but FEV1% can remain unaltered/increase,

Question 15

what happens to flow volume loop in RLD?

Answer 15

shape is normal but reductions in peak and volumes of air moved

Question 16

what happens in asbestosis?

Answer 16

cells recognised as foreign - inflammatory response.
build up of fibrous tissue - loss of compliance
RESTRICTIVE

Question 17

what is breathing pattern generated by?

Answer 17

centers in medulla

Question 18

how can breathing be altered consciously?

Answer 18

holding breath, hyperventilation

Question 19

what are 2 respiratory groups and what do they do?

Answer 19

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
-controls inspiration + send signals to inspir muscles
-spontaneously active
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
- controls inspiration and expiration
-inactive during quiet respiration - activation helps control forceful activiation.

Question 20

how does PONS control respiration?

Answer 20

controls rate and depth of breathing

pneumotoxic(-) and apneustic(+) centres

Question 21

what do PONS pneumotoxic (-) and apneustic (+) centres do?

Answer 21

pneumotoxic(-)
-increases rate by shortening inspirations
-inhibitary effect on inspititary centre
apneustic (+)
-reducing breathing rate by increases depth+prolonging inspiration
-stimulates respiratory centre

Question 22

what is hering-bear reflex?

Answer 22

stretch receptors in lung send signals back to medulla to limit inspiration and prevent overinflation of lungs