glucose control and thyroid hormones Flashcards
what do alpha and beta cells produce/release?
alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin (peptide hormone)
what is precursor of insulin?
pro-insulin (inactive)
how is insulin activated?
cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to form active form
what are stimuli for insulin release?
increased blood glucose level
increased blood arginine and leucine
what is normal blood glucose range?
70-110 mg/dl
how does insulin work do decrease insulin levels?
increased transport into cells
glucose –> glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle
glucose utilization and ATP regeneration
increased amino acid absorptions
increased trglyceride synthesis
what happens if glucose levels rise to high?
diabetic neuropathy - damage nerve fibres perineurium damaged (numb fingers and toes)
how is glucagon release triggered?
reduction in glucose levels
how does glucagon cause a rise in blood glucose?
breakdown of glycogen –> glucose
increased breakdown of fat –> fatty acids
increased breakdown of proteins –> amino acids
what are 2 types of diabetes mellitus?
1- insulin dependent Dm
2- non-insulin dependent Dm
what is insulin dependent Dm?
lack of insulin prodoced by b-cells , so cells cannot take up glucose. (act as is levels are low) lipids and proteins broken down ketone bodies produced polyuria (high in urine) hyperglycaemia
what happens in non-insulin dependent Dm?
insulin levels are normal but peripheral tissues do not respond.
typically due to obesity + higher age
what is diabetes insipidus?
posterior pituitary fails to produce correct levels of ADH
polyuria and poly dipsia (excessive thirst and urination)
what are features of polycystic ovarian syndrome to insulin?
major feature of PCOS is insulin resistance - cells do not respond to insulin.
insulin continues to rise –. hyperandrogenism
causes reduced fertility
what does thyroid hormone stimulate?
protein synthesis
increased use of glucose+fatty acids for ATP production
increased lipolysis
