Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A level > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is respiration

A

The process whereby energy stored in complex molecules is used to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ATP used for

A

Metabolic processes
Active transport
Movement
Nerve transmission
Synthesis of materials
Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of using ATP

A

Only one enzyme needed to release energy from ATP
Energy released in small amounts when and where needed
International energy currency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria

A

Double membrane to increase surface area
Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Inner membrane = cristae
Many enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory

A

Some of the organelles in todays eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What coenzymes are used in respiration and why are they used

A

NAD
CoA
FAD
Used in oxidative phosphorylation at the end to produce lots of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four main stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH and 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in glycolysis

A
  • ATP is hydrolysed - glucose undergoes phosphorylation into Glucose-6-P
  • Molecule is unstable so undergoes isomerisation into Fructose-6-P
  • ATP hydrolysed so Fructose-6-P undergoes phosphorylation into Hexose 1,6-biphosphate
  • Hexose splits into 2x triose phosphate
  • Substrate level phosphorylation causes condensation of ATP and reduction of NAD by dehydrogenation of TP
  • Substrate level phosphorylation of intermediate to produce 2x pyruvate and ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the Link reaction occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in the Link reaction

A

Repeated twice as there are 2 pyruvates
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase removes 2 hydrogens from pyruvate
- NADH, CO2 and acetate(2C) formed
- CoA accepts acetate to form acetyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA moves into Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Products of Link reaction

A

2NADH
2CO2
2 Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle

A
  • Acetate leaves CoA and joins oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
  • Citrate oxidised and decarboxylated to form 5C by dehydrogenase and decarboxylase, forms NADH and CO2
  • 5C oxidised + decarboxylated to 4C, forms NADH and CO2
  • 4C undergoes substrate level phosphorylation into another 4C - ATP released
  • 2nd 4C converted into 3rd 4C through dehydrogenation - FADH formed
    -3rd 4C converted into oxaloacetate(4C) through dehydrogenation forming NADH
    HAPPENS TWICE AS THERE ARE TWO ACETATES ENTERING CYCLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycleq

A

4CO2
6NADH
2FADH
2ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What occurs in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • NADH is oxidised and donates 2H
  • 2H is split into 2e- and 2 protons
  • Complex 1 receives electrons - these are passed along electron transfer chain
  • Protein carries go from Fe3+ to Fe2+ until it is passed to next protein
  • Energy from ETC used for the active transport of protons from matrix to intermembrane space
  • FADH is oxidised into 2e- and 2 protons
  • electrons received by complex 2, protons pumped to intermembrane space
  • H+ conc in intermembrane > than in matrix, electrochemical gradient made and protons move out by chemiosmosis
  • Protons travel out through protein channel in ATP synthase - causes synthesis of ATP
  • protons join electron that are released from ETC, then reacts with O2 to form water
17
Q

Why is oxygen important in respiration

A

Driving force of oxidative phosphorylation
without it, the electrochemical gradient between intermembrane space and matrix wouldn’t be as steep as protons wouldnt get removed from matric

18
Q

What is a respiratory substrate

A

An organic substance that can be used in respiration to release ATP

19
Q

Why is there a difference in energy released

A

Molecules with more carbon-hydrogen bonds produced more NADH and FADH - meaning more ATP is made

20
Q

Features of lipids as respiratory substrates

A

Only respired aerobically
Hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol -> pyruvate
Fatty acids -> acetyl groups

21
Q

Features of proteins as respiratory substrates

A

Respired aerobically
Only used during starvation
Hydrolysed into amino acids
amino acids -> pyruvate or acetate or enter Krebs cycle directly

22
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

Ratio of the volume of CO2 given out to that of oxygen used

23
Q

Respiratory quotient for carbohydrates

A

1

24
Q

Respiratory quotient for lipid

A

0.7

25
Q

Respiratory quotient of Protein

A

0.7

26
Q

What happens in respiration when no oxygen is available

A

No oxygen so ETC stops, Krebs cycle stops and link reaction stops

27
Q

What are the 2 pathways of Anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol fermentation
Lactate fermentation

28
Q

Features of Ethanol fermentation pathway

A

Happens in fungi and some plant tissue
2 step process
facultative anaerobe - makes ATP by aerobic respiration (Glycolysis)
Organism dies when ethanol builds to around 15%
Growth is faster in Oxygen

29
Q

Features of lactate pathway

A

Occurs in animals
One step process
lactate is toxic and removed by liver
Produces NAD
Liver converts lactate to pyruvate or to glycogen
Oxygen needed for conversion so organism is in an oxygen debt

Biology A level (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions