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Biology A level > Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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2
Q

What is evolutionary distance

A

How recentness of the common ancestor

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3
Q

What are the five kingdoms

A

Prokaryote
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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4
Q

What are the features of pokayotes

A

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelle
DNA in plasmin and nucleoids

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5
Q

Features of Protoctista

A

Many are motile
no cell wall
can be aquatic

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6
Q

Features of fungi

A

Eukaryotic
chitin cell walls
saprotrophic and heterotrophic
Have hyphae
Non vascular

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7
Q

Features of Plantae

A

Meristematic growth
eukaryotic
cellulose cell walls
most are autotrophic
contain chloroplasts

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8
Q

Features of Animalia

A

No cell walls
heterotrophic
zygote develops into blastula
have nervous system
have vascular system

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9
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic classifications in order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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10
Q

What is the Binomial naming system

A

The act of calling species by their Genus and species
eg. Canis Lupus

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11
Q

Who came up with the Binomial naming system

A

Carl Linnaeus

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12
Q

What is a species

A

the smallest group sharing a common ancestor that can breed to produce fertile + viable offspring

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13
Q

Why is the binomial naming system used

A

Avoids conflicts between languages
Transcends language barriers

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14
Q

Why was the 3 domain system introduced

A

3 domains fit the phylogeny better
Allows eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea to be seperated by key differences

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15
Q

What Bio molecules are used as evidence for classification

A

Cytochrome C
DNA sequences
Haemoglobin
RNA sequences

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16
Q

What are the two types of Variation

A

Interspecific - between diff species
Intraspecific - between same species

17
Q

What is continuous variation

A

2 extremes
Quantitative data
Most individuals are close to the mead
Influenced by environment

18
Q

What is standard variation

A

Spread of data about the mean

19
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

2+ distinct categories
controlled by genetics only
Qualitative
Controlled by a few genes

20
Q

What are the two causes of variation

A

Genetic factors
Environmental factors

21
Q

What does it mean when Standard deviation bars overlap

A

No significant difference between the data

22
Q

What is an adaptation

A

A feature or variation that increases survival or reproductive rate

23
Q

What are the three types of adaptations

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

24
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

When 2 distantly related species adapt in similar ways to fill a similar niche. And so they have similar features

25
Q

What were Darwin’s conclusion

A

There is a struggle for survival
Better adapted individuals survive and pass their characteristics on
Over time a number of changes may give rise to a new species

26
Q

What is the sequence of events leading to natural selection

A

Genetic variation within population due to DNA mutation
Selection pressure creates competition for survival
Individuals with favourable alleles are better adapted, they then survive and produce more offspring
Alleles are passed on to offspring
This is repeated over many gens until favourable allele becomes more common

27
Q

What are some selection pressures

A

Antibiotics
Pesticides
Availability of food
Predators
Diseases
Physical/chemical factors

28
Q

Who came up with the theory of natural selection

A

Darwin and Wallace

29
Q

What evidence do fossils show for evolution

A

Show changes in species over time (variation in species, species arising and dying out)

30
Q

What is the problem with fossils

A

Fossil evidence is incomplete as only produced under specific conditions
Only hard bits are fossilised
Very easily destroyed
difficult to find

31
Q

What other evidence is used for evolution

A

Differences in DNA/RNA
Molecular evidence (cytochrome c, amino acids, haemoglobin)
current evolution

Biology A level (15 decks)

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