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Biology A level > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system
The peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is the PNS

A

Includes all the neurones that lie outside the CNS
Two parts: Autonomic NS and Somatic NS

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3
Q

Features of the Autonomic NS

A

Part of the PNS
2 parts: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic NS
Self-governing, responsible for homeostatic mechanism
Non-myelinated
Ganglion at synapses

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4
Q

Features of the parasympathetic neurones

A

“Rest and Digest”
Ganglion near organ
V. Short postganglionic axon and V. Long preganglionic axon
ACh secreted by postganglionic neurone

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5
Q

What actions do the parasympathetic neurones cause

A

Dec heart rate
Constrict pupil
Dec ventilation

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6
Q

What are the features of the Sympathetic neurone system

A

Fight or flight
Ganglion just outside CNS
Pre ganglionic axon = V short
Post ganglionic axon = V long
Secretes noradrenaline

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7
Q

Effects of the sympathetic NS

A

Ic heart rate
Dilated pupils
Inc ventilation

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8
Q

Features of the Somatic Neurone system

A

Myelinated
Connections to effectors
One neurone
Transmit impulses to voluntary muscles

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9
Q

What is the knee jerk reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Only two neurones involved (sensory + motor)
No relay = cant be inhibited
Quicker

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10
Q

How does the knee jerk reaction occur

A

Pressure on tendon hamstring causes a stretch and pull on quadriceps
Receptors are sensitive to muscle being stretched suddenly
Impulse is sent along sensory neurone to spinal cord then to the motor neurone

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11
Q

What is the benefit of having a knee jerk reaction

A

helps with coordinated movement + balance

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12
Q

What are the main parts of the brain

A

Pituitary gland
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

all higher order processes
thinking
planning
language
memory
emotions

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control of ANS and some endocrene glands
Maintains homeostasis

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Muscle coordination and movement

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16
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions
The cardiovascular centre
Controls rate at which SAN fire
Recieves sensory inputs about O2/CO2 conc + bp

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17
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Response to a stimulus without a conscious decision
Faster and protective response
doesnt always need a relay neurone

18
Q

What is the “fight or flight” response

A

coordinated responses to situations of perceived danger
stimulus -> sensory neurone -> hypothalamus
Hypothalamus causes pituitary gland to secret ACTH -> adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones
Hypothalamus activates sympathetic NS - adrenaline secreted

19
Q

How is heart rate controlled

A

2 centres within medulla oblongata
- 1 inc heart rate by sending impulses through the sympathetic ns - transmitted by accelerator nerve
- 1 dec heart rate by sending impulses through the parasympathetic ns - transmitted by vagus nerve

20
Q

How is heart rate monitored by chemoreceptors

A

detect changes in the level of chemical in the blood like CO2 - located in aorta, carotid artery and medulla
If CO2 level inc - pH dec bc of carbonic acid formed
Dec in blood pH = response to inc heart rate

21
Q

How is heart rate monitored by baroreceptors

A

It monitors changes in blood pressure

22
Q

How is heart rate controlled

A

There are 2 centres within the medulla oblongata linked to the SAN
One centre inc heart rate by sending impulses through the sympathetic NS - transmitted by accelerator nerve
One centre dec heart rate by sending impulses through the parasympathetic NS - transmitted by vagus nerve

23
Q

When is the student’s t-test (paired) used

A

To compare the mean between two groups

24
Q

What are the three types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

25
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic, cylindrical, branched, striated, cells separated by intercalated disks, one nucleus, dont fatigue

26
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A

involuntary, spindle shaped, not branched, not striated, one nucleus, slow contraction, dont fatigue

27
Q

Features of Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, cylindrical, not branched, striated, long cells, multinucleate, can fatigue

28
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Structure made of protein that runs the length of the muscle cell

29
Q

What are the filaments in myofibril

A

Thin - actin
Thick - myosin

30
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

One of the functional units of a myofibril which runs form one Z-line to another Z-line

31
Q

What is the Z line

A

Where actin filaments meet

32
Q

What is a M line

A

Where myosin filaments meet

33
Q

What is a H zone

A

Myosin not covered by actin

34
Q

What is an I band

A

Actin not covered by myosin

35
Q

What is an A band

A

All of the myosin and some overlapping actin

36
Q

What is the sliding filament model

A
  1. Myosin head has ADP and Pi molecules attached to it at rest - energy from hydrolysis of ATP is stored in myosin head
  2. Ca2+ bind to troponin - causes tropomyosin to be moved from actin-myosin binding site
  3. Myosin head binds to actin myosin binding site and forms a cross bridge - this is the power stroke. ADP and Pi are released
  4. ATP binds to myosin head - breaks cross bridges
  5. ATP is hydrolysed into ADP and Pi, Myosin returns to resting position
37
Q

How does an impulse get from a motor neurone to a muscle

A

AP arrives at neuromuscular junction, cause Ca2+ to enter
Vesicles with Acetylcholine fuse with pre-synaptic membrane, release ACh
Ach binds with receptors on the sarcolemma and cause depolarisation
Depolarisation waves ravel down tubules - Ca2+ is then released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind with troponin

38
Q

How is ATP supplied for muscle contraction

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
ATP-creatine phosphate system

39
Q

What is the ATP-creatine-phosphate cystem

A

ADP + CP = ATP + C
Used for short bursts of vigorous exercise as CP runs out quickly

40
Q

What is rigor mortis

A

Rigidity of muscles after death. Helps determine time of death

Biology A level (19 decks)

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