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Biology A level > Cells Structure > Flashcards

Cells Structure Flashcards

Module 1

1
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Gives strength, support and structure
Acts as a carbohydrate store (by varying the amount of cellulose it has)

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2
Q

What are Cell Walls made of?

A

Polysaccharide cellulose in plants
Chitin in fungi
Peptidoglycan in bacteria

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3
Q

What are the pores of the Cell Wall called? What do they do?

A

Plasmodesmata - connect 2 cells together by their cytoplasm - enables exchange and transport of substances

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4
Q

What are the parts of the Nucleus?

A

Chromatin, envelope, pore, nuclear plasma, nucleolus

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5
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Stores the genome in the form of chromatin

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6
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Genetic material composed of DNA wound around histone protein that condense to form chromosome during cell division

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7
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus that is perforated by pores to allow larger substances to enter/exit

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8
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

The densely stained region in the nucleus where RNA is made

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9
Q

How large is the Mitochondria

A

2-5 μm long

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10
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The energy generating organelle

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11
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

A

Double membrane, matrix, cristae

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12
Q

What does the double membrane of the mitochondria do?

A

Inner - folds in to form cristae

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13
Q

What does the cristae do?

A

it is coated in enzymes which catalyse the reaction of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

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14
Q

What is the Cytoplasm

A

Comprises of a liquid called cytosol and all the organelles suspended in it

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Present in all green plants and use CO2, water and light energy to build sugars

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16
Q

What are the parts of a Chloroplast?

A

Stroma, thylakoid membranes, grana, double membrane

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17
Q

What is the stroma?

A

A liquid which fills up the inside of a chloroplast and surrounds the grana

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18
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes

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19
Q

What are thylakoid membranes

A

The site of photosynthesis

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20
Q

What is the tonoplast

A

The vacuole membrane

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21
Q

What is the cell sap

A

The watery solution of sugars, enzymes, pigments

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22
Q

What do Vacuoles do

A

Important in keeping the cell turgid

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23
Q

What are Endoplasmic Reticulums?

A

An extensive system of membranes through the cell

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24
Q

What are cisternae

A

double membraned flattened sacs formed by the ER

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25
Q

What are cisternae used for?

A

transport

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26
Q

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

RER - continuous with nuclear envelope and has ribosomes
SER - has enzymes and is the production site of lipids, steroids and cholesterol

27
Q

What is the RER used for

A

Site of protein synthesis

28
Q

How large are ribosomes

A

20nm

29
Q

Where and what are ribosomes made from

A

Nucleolus out of ribosomal RNA

30
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

Large and small subunits
(two sperate units)

31
Q

Location of ribosomes

A

Some are free and some are attached to RER

32
Q

What do the ribosomes attached to the RER do

A

synthesise proteins to be transported out

33
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

synthesise proteins to be used in cells

34
Q

What are Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of flattened, double membraned cisternae constantly being formed at one end from vesicles that bud off from the ER

35
Q

What do Golgi Apparatus do

A

Modify, sort and package molecules for transport

36
Q

What are some Golgi vesicles

A

lysosomes

37
Q

What are Lysosomes

A

sacs surrounded by a single membrane

38
Q

What are Lysosomes produced by

A

Golgi Apparatus

39
Q

Features of Lysosomes

A

Low pH and contained hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes

40
Q

What are Lysosomes responsible for

A

Breakdown of unwanted organelles and foreign matter

41
Q

Where are Lysosomes abundant in

A

Certain WBC that digest bacteria after phagocytosis

42
Q

Size of Lysosomes

A

0.1-0.5 um

43
Q

Size of ER

A

1 um

44
Q

Size of golgi apparatus

A

2um

45
Q

Size of chloroplast

A

3-4um

46
Q

Lysosomes size

A

0.1-0.5um

47
Q

Centrioles size

A

0.4um

48
Q

Centrioles location (animal cell)

A

2 outside nucleus

49
Q

Centrioles structure

A

Hollow cylinders at right angles
In triplets

50
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of

A

2 types of protein fibre, actin filaments and microtubules

51
Q

Function of the cytoskeleton

A

Provides mechanical strength
Aids transport
Aids cell movement

52
Q

What are motor proteins

A

enzymes that allow the hydrolysis of ATP

53
Q

Structure of Cilia and Undulipodia

A

Microtubules arranged in a cylinder in a 9+2 formation
Cilia -short and abundant - beat rhythmically
Undulipodia - long +usually singular + cause cell to move

54
Q

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes size

A

100-10um
10-5um

55
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA copy of gene for insulin is made in nucleus
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pore
  3. mRNA attaches to ribosome on ER
  4. Insulin molecules are ‘pinched off’ in vesicles to Golgi
  5. Vesicle fuses with Golgi
  6. Golgi processes and packages insulin molecules for release
  7. Packaged molecule are pinched off in vesicles from Golgi to membrane
  8. vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane
  9. exocytosis
56
Q

What is magnification

A

the degree to which the size of an image is larger than itself

57
Q

What is resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between 2 points

58
Q

Types of microscopes

A

Light microscope
Laser scanning microscope
Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

59
Q

Features of a light microscope

A

magnification up to x1500
res up to 0.2um
4 objective lens and eyepiece

60
Q

Laser scanning microscope features

A

Laser scans object, image is displayed on screen
high res + contrast
focus at diff depth
multiple images combine to make 3D image
used in medicine

61
Q

TEM features

A

Electrons pass through
2D images
mag up to x500,000
res = 0.1nm

62
Q

SEM features

A

electrons bounce off
3D images
Mag up to x100,000
res = 0.1nm

63
Q

Nucleus size

A

5-20 um

Biology A level (12 decks)

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