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Biology A level > Exchange Surfaces and Breathing > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces and Breathing Flashcards

Module 2

1
Q

What are the features of the mammalian lung that allow for efficient diffusion

A

Many Alveoli - increase s.a
0.1um thick alveoli - decrease diffusion distance
Dense network of capillaries outside alveolus - maintains steep diffusion grad
Well ventilated - steep diffusion grad
Moisture - surfactant gases allows gasses to dissolve and stops alveoli from sticking together

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2
Q

What happens when you inhale

A

Diaphragm - contracts and moves down
Rib cage - External intercostal muscles contract to move rib up and out
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure in lungs falls with respect to to atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

Order of main tissues and cells in the airways (largest to smallest)

A

Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchiole, Alveolus

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4
Q

Size of Alveolus

A

250um

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5
Q

What is in the trachea

A

Cartilage, Goblet cells, ciliated cells, smooth muscle, elastin fibres

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6
Q

What is in a bronchus

A

Cartilage, Goblet cells, ciliated cells, smooth muscle, elastic fibres

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7
Q

What is in Bronchioles

A

Goblet cells, ciliated cells, smooth muscle, squamous epithelium at end, elastin fibres

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8
Q

What is in Alveoli

A

Squamous epithelium and elastin fibres

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9
Q

What are three main factors that affect the need for an exchange system

A

Size
Surface area to volume ratio
level of activity

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10
Q

How does size effect the need for a exchange system

A

In large multicellular organisms, the diffusion pathway would be longer. Meaning diffusion is too slow to enable a sufficient supply to innermost cells

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11
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio effect the need for an exchange surface

A

Larger organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio. This means the surface area will not be large enough to provide all cells with sufficient oxygen

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12
Q

How does level of energy effect the need for a exchange system

A

More metabolically active organisms need more oxygen which may not be able to be delivered by diffusion

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13
Q

Function of Cartilage

A

Support for trachea and bronchus
Prevents collapse
Large ring shaped block in trachea
C shaped rings in bronchi

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14
Q

Function of Goblet cells

A

Secretes Mucus which is sticky and collects particles of dust, spores and bacteria

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15
Q

Function of ciliated cells

A

Brushes mucus up the airways towards the mouth

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16
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Contract to constrict airway

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17
Q

Function of Elastic fibres

A

Stretch when breathing in to prevent bursting
Recoil when breathing out to help allow air out of lungs

18
Q

Function of squamous epethelium

A

Provides a short diffusion pathway for gasses to diffuse across the airway

19
Q

What is a tidal volume

A

Volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath at rest

20
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in one breath

21
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume of air that is left in the lungs after the hardest possible exhalation

22
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

23
Q

What is oxygen uptake

A

rate of oxygen consumption

24
Q

What is the breathing rate

A

number of breaths per unit time

25
Q

What are the ways of measuring lung capacity

A

Spirometer
Peak Flow meters
Vitalographs

26
Q

What are peak flow meters

A

They measure the rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs in L/min

27
Q

What are Vitalographs

A

Advanced version of peak flow meters that produce a graph of volume of air breathed out over time

28
Q

What are spirometers

A

Used to measure different aspects of the lung volume or to investigate breathing patterns

29
Q

How does a spirometer work

A

When inhaling the spirometer chamber gets pulled down
This causes the pen to be pulled down the paper
graph trace going down = inhalation

30
Q

What is CO2 absorbed by in a spirometer

A

Soda lime

31
Q

What are the precautions to be followed when using a spirometer

A

Disinfect mouthpiece
Have enough O2
Counterbalance is in place
Use a nose clip

32
Q

What are the parts of the gills

A

Operculum
Gill plates
Gill filaments
Gill arch
Vessels and artery

33
Q

How are fish adapted for gas exchange

A

Have many gill filaments with many gill plates which gives it a larges surface area
Counter current system
Gill filaments are supported by a gill arch
Many capillaries around gill plates to maintain a steep diffusion gradient
Thin layer of cells between gill plates and capillaries to create a short diffusion pathway and speed it up

34
Q

What is the counter current system

A

When blood flows through gills in the opposite direction to the flow of water
This maintains a steep diffusion gradient and means that the net movement of O2 is always into the blood

35
Q

How does ventilation occur in a fish

A

Fish opens mouth and lowers the floor of the buccal cavity
Volume of buccal cavity increases, pressure decreases
Fish closes mouth, floor of buccal cavity rises and volume decreases
Pressure increases, water is forced out across gill filaments
Operculum is forced to open and water leaves the gills

36
Q

What is the operculum

A

The gill covering made out of bone that protects the gills

37
Q

How do you dissect fish gills

A

Wear a lab coat
Place fish on dissection board
Push back operculum and use scissors to carefully remove the gills
Cut each gill arch through the top and bottom

38
Q

What are the parts of an insects exchange system

A

Spiracle, trachea, tracheoles, rings of chitin

39
Q

What is the mechanism of ventilation in insects

A

Rhythmic abdominal movements and wing movements move air in and out
Air moves into spiracles and then into the trachea
Oxygen diffuses into tracheoles and then into respiring cells
CO2 moves opposite direction

40
Q

How are insects adapted for gas exchange

A

Trachea has rings of chitin surrounding it that block diffusion
Tracheoles contain a fluid that is withdrawn when active to provide a larger surface area

41
Q

How would you dissect an insect

A

Use humanely killed big insects like grasshoppers
Fix insect to dissecting board
Carefully cut and remove a piece of the exoskeleton from along the length of the insects abdomen
Use a syringe to fill the abdomen with saline solution
The trachea are the very thin silvery tubes
Examine under a light microscope

42
Q

What is the ventilation rate

A

total volume of air inhaled in a minute

Biology A level (12 decks)

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