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Biology A level > Disease and the Immune System > Flashcards

Disease and the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Any organism that causes disease

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can spread between organisms

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3
Q

Pathogen and organism affected of TB

A

Bacterium
Animals

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4
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by Bacterial Menengitis

A

Bacterium
Humans

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5
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by ring rot

A

Bacteria
potatoes/tomatoes

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6
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by HIV/Aids

A

Virus
humans

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7
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by Influenza

A

Virus
animals

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8
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by Tobbacco mosaic virus

A

virus
plants

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9
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by black sigatoka

A

Banana plants
fungi

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10
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by ringworm

A

fungi
cattle

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11
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by athletes foot

A

fungus
human

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12
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by potato/tomato late blight

A

Protoctista
potatoes/tomatoes

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13
Q

Pathogen and organism affected by malaria

A

Animals
protoctist

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14
Q

Which diseases are spread by direct transmission

A

HIV
Athletes foot

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15
Q

Which diseases are spread by indirect transmission

A

Malaria - mosquitoes
Late blight - spores

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16
Q

How does overcrowding effect spread of tb

A

TB is spread by droplet infection
Overcrowding means its easier for droplets to pass from person to person

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17
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte receptor recognises foreign antigen
Phagocyte folds membrane in to engulf pathogen - forms phagosome
Lysosomes fuse with phagosome and secrete lysin to digest pathogens into amino acids. Products are absorbed into cytoplasm

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18
Q

What cell produces antibodies

A

B plasma lymphocytes

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19
Q

Structure of an antibody

A

2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains
variable region
constant region
hinge (disulfide bridges)

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20
Q

Purpose of variable region

A

allows specificity
binding site is complimentary to antigen

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21
Q

Purpose of constant region

A

Marker for phagocytes
+ binding site for phagocytes

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22
Q

Purpose of hinge region

A

Flexibilty

23
Q

Difference between primary and secondary response

A

Secondary = quicker + more antibodies are produced

24
Q

Roles of memory cells

A

Produce clones
Change to form plasma cells
Responsible for secondary response

25
Q

Where do T and B lymphocytes mature

A

B - bone marrow
T - thymus

26
Q

Function of T helper cells

A

Stimulates B cells to differentiate
Stimulates production of T cells
release interleukins
Become macrophages

27
Q

Role of T killer cells

A

attack and destroy infected body cells using perforin to pierce the cell, they then excrete cytotoxins

28
Q

Role of T regulator cells

A

Shut down immune response

29
Q

What are the four types of immunity

A

Active
Passive
Natural
Artificial

30
Q

Why will it be increasingly difficult to discover new drugs?

A

Biodiversity is reducing
Less organisms that drugs can come from

31
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Deliberate exposure to antigenic material, which activates immune system to make an immune response and provide immunity in the form of memory cells

32
Q

What is Herd Vaccination

A

When all the population at risk is vaccinated
Reduces transmission + eradicates disease

33
Q

What is ring vaccination

A

It is a response vaccination
When one person is reported with a disease, all the members of the immediate vicinity or vaccinated to reduce transmission

34
Q

Why are vaccinations updated frequently

A

In order to respond to mutations that pathogens undergo

35
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

Large changes in the pathogen population

36
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

Small changes in pathogen population

37
Q

What are the types of drugs

A

Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antiseptics
Painkillers

38
Q

Where does digitalis originate from

A

Foxglove

39
Q

Where does aspirin originate from

A

willow

40
Q

How are drugs discovered

A

By accident
Trad medicine
Observation of wildlife
Modern research

41
Q

What is personalised medicine

A

Genomes of individuals are sequenced
Medicines produced are more effective as tailored to a persons DNA

42
Q

How do virus’s infect cells

A

Attach to cell
Viral DNA injected into cell
Viral components assembled
Virus is released and cell dies

43
Q

What are autoimmune diseases

A

When the immune system doesnt recognise self antigens

44
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Rheumatoid (joint)
Lupus (Connective tissue)
Multiple Sclerosis (mylen sheath)

45
Q

What are some examples of physical plant defences

A

Thick waxy cuticle
Cell wall
callose

46
Q

What is callose

A

Polysaccharide deposited between cell walls and membranes when a plant is infected

47
Q

What are some examples of chemical plant defences

A

antimicrobial chemicals
toxic chemicals

48
Q

Primary non-specific defences in animals

A

Skin
Wound repair
Blood clotting
Inflammation
Expulsive reflexes
Mucous membranes

49
Q

How does inflammation occur

A

Localised response triggered by histamine
Blood vessels dilate
capillaries are leakier
tissue fluid takes pathogens into lymphatic system for WBC to kill

50
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes

A

macrophages and neutrophils

51
Q

Features of neutrophils

A

Undertake phagocytosis
multilobed nucleus
made in bone marrow
short lived

52
Q

features of macrophages

A

Larger
made in bone marrow
Undertake phagocytosis
Display antigens

53
Q

What are opsonins

A

Proteins that attach to the surface of pathogens
Marker of pathogens

54
Q

What are cytokines

A

Proteins in the blood that attract phagocytosis via cell signalling

Biology A level (12 decks)

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