Disease and the Immune System Flashcards by Ameline Poussier

What is a pathogen

Any organism that causes disease

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What is a communicable disease

A disease that can spread between organisms

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Pathogen and organism affected of TB

Bacterium
Animals

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Pathogen and organism affected by Bacterial Menengitis

Bacterium
Humans

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Pathogen and organism affected by ring rot

Bacteria
potatoes/tomatoes

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Pathogen and organism affected by HIV/Aids

Virus
humans

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Pathogen and organism affected by Influenza

Virus
animals

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Pathogen and organism affected by Tobbacco mosaic virus

virus
plants

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Pathogen and organism affected by black sigatoka

Banana plants
fungi

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Pathogen and organism affected by ringworm

fungi
cattle

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Pathogen and organism affected by athletes foot

fungus
human

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Pathogen and organism affected by potato/tomato late blight

Protoctista
potatoes/tomatoes

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Pathogen and organism affected by malaria

Animals
protoctist

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Which diseases are spread by direct transmission

HIV
Athletes foot

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Which diseases are spread by indirect transmission

Malaria - mosquitoes
Late blight - spores

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How does overcrowding effect spread of tb

TB is spread by droplet infection
Overcrowding means its easier for droplets to pass from person to person

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Describe the process of phagocytosis

Phagocyte receptor recognises foreign antigen
Phagocyte folds membrane in to engulf pathogen - forms phagosome
Lysosomes fuse with phagosome and secrete lysin to digest pathogens into amino acids. Products are absorbed into cytoplasm

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What cell produces antibodies

B plasma lymphocytes

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Structure of an antibody

2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains
variable region
constant region
hinge (disulfide bridges)

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Purpose of variable region

allows specificity
binding site is complimentary to antigen

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Purpose of constant region

Marker for phagocytes
+ binding site for phagocytes

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Purpose of hinge region

Flexibilty

Difference between primary and secondary response

Secondary = quicker + more antibodies are produced

Roles of memory cells

Produce clones
Change to form plasma cells
Responsible for secondary response

Where do T and B lymphocytes mature

B - bone marrow T - thymus

Function of T helper cells

Stimulates B cells to differentiate Stimulates production of T cells release interleukins Become macrophages

Role of T killer cells

attack and destroy infected body cells using perforin to pierce the cell, they then excrete cytotoxins

Role of T regulator cells

Shut down immune response

What are the four types of immunity

Active Passive Natural Artificial

Why will it be increasingly difficult to discover new drugs?

Biodiversity is reducing Less organisms that drugs can come from

What is a vaccination

Deliberate exposure to antigenic material, which activates immune system to make an immune response and provide immunity in the form of memory cells

What is Herd Vaccination

When all the population at risk is vaccinated Reduces transmission + eradicates disease

What is ring vaccination

It is a response vaccination When one person is reported with a disease, all the members of the immediate vicinity or vaccinated to reduce transmission

Why are vaccinations updated frequently

In order to respond to mutations that pathogens undergo

What is antigenic shift

Large changes in the pathogen population

What is antigenic drift

Small changes in pathogen population

What are the types of drugs

Antibiotics Antivirals Antiseptics Painkillers

Where does digitalis originate from

Foxglove

Where does aspirin originate from

willow

How are drugs discovered

By accident Trad medicine Observation of wildlife Modern research

What is personalised medicine

Genomes of individuals are sequenced Medicines produced are more effective as tailored to a persons DNA

How do virus's infect cells

Attach to cell Viral DNA injected into cell Viral components assembled Virus is released and cell dies

What are autoimmune diseases

When the immune system doesnt recognise self antigens

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases

Rheumatoid (joint) Lupus (Connective tissue) Multiple Sclerosis (mylen sheath)

What are some examples of physical plant defences

Thick waxy cuticle Cell wall callose

What is callose

Polysaccharide deposited between cell walls and membranes when a plant is infected

What are some examples of chemical plant defences

antimicrobial chemicals toxic chemicals

Primary non-specific defences in animals

Skin Wound repair Blood clotting Inflammation Expulsive reflexes Mucous membranes

How does inflammation occur

Localised response triggered by histamine Blood vessels dilate capillaries are leakier tissue fluid takes pathogens into lymphatic system for WBC to kill

What are the two types of phagocytes

macrophages and neutrophils

Features of neutrophils

Undertake phagocytosis multilobed nucleus made in bone marrow short lived

features of macrophages

Larger made in bone marrow Undertake phagocytosis Display antigens

What are opsonins

Proteins that attach to the surface of pathogens Marker of pathogens

What are cytokines

Proteins in the blood that attract phagocytosis via cell signalling